Heavy and light smokers have slight differences in chromatic discrimination

Abstract

Objectives:The effects of smoking on color vision have been scarcely studied. To bridge such gap, this study examined if there were differences in chromatic discrimination between heavy and light smokers. Methods: The psychophysical Trivector test was used to evaluate chromatic discrimination in healthy controls (n = 36), heavy smokers (n = 29), and light smokers (n = 32). The subject's task was to identify the orientation of the Landolt C ring gap presented and randomized in one of the four positions (e.g., up, down, right, and left). Results: The thresholds for Protan (red), Deutan (green) and Tritan (blue) were lower in heavy smokers compared to nonsmokers but not to light smokers. Conclusions: The results confirm that heavy smoking and chronic exposure to its harmful compounds affect color discrimination when compared to light smoking; this is more pronounced in heavy smokers than light smokers. This is particularly important to understand the differences among smokers on visual and multisensory processing.

Combined influence of medication and symptom severity on visual processing in bipolar disorder

“…The only medication the BPD patients were taking was lithium. The HCs had no neuropsychiatric disorders or additional health conditions that could have affected the results Silva et al, 2021aSilva et al, , 2021b). An initial screening for eligibility was conducted and after assessed for eligibility, the groups were classified and matched to gender, age and education level.…”

“…Recent findings did not refer to the association between impairments in visual processing and clinical variables in BPD patients. The existence of such association is essential to the understanding of selective or indirect effects of medication and the duration of the disease, for example, such as reported for other psychiatric conditions Silva et al, 2021aSilva et al, , 2021bZemon et al, 2021).…”