Heavy Charged-Particle Beams

Instrumentation for treatment of cancer using proton and light-ion beams

“…A Bragg curve can be generated by varying the water column in steps and measuring the beam before and after the water column at each step. 268 shows the binary filter developed at LBL, in which twelve metal plates are driven by air pistons that can move the plates in and out of the beam path within 0.5 second. 269 Several physical and biological factors must be considered when choosing the material used for plates in the binary filter.…”

“…The radioactive yield can then be measured by means of its decay over time and an calculation of the initial beam intensity can be made. 268 For example, the reaction l~+p~llC+p+n has been used to determine absolute;fluence and absorbed dose of heavy charged-particle beam for therapy. 64 Again this method is used more for verification than on-line analysis._…”

Heavy-Ion Radiobiology: Cellular Studies

“…Many of the dosimetric methods used at the Bevalac were patterned after the procedures used with helium, protons, or deuteron beams (Tobias et al, 1952;Birge et al, 1956;Raju et al, 1969). W values for the higher energy, high atomic number Bevalac beams have been characterized by several methods including time-of-flight measurements that correlate physical factors such as fragmentation and LET distributions (Schimmerling et al, 1976(Schimmerling et al, , 1983Stephens et al, 1976;Schimmerling, 1980;Thomas et al, 1980;Thomas, 1982).…”

Inactivation of Human Kidney Cells by High-Energy Monoenergetic Heavy-Ion Beams

“…The general dosimetry followed principles first used by Tobias et al (39) and later discussed by Raju et ~. (40). Parallel-plate ionization chambers (see Figure 2) were used with a circular collecting electrode.…”