Heavy cryptosporidial infections in children in northeast Brazil: comparison of Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum

Bushen, Oluma Y.; Kohli, Anita; Pinkerton, Relana C.; Dupnik, K M; Newman, Robert D.; Sears, Cynthia L.; Fayer, Ronald; Lima, Aldo A. M.; Guerrant, Richard L.

doi:10.1016/j.trstmh.2006.06.005

Cited by 125 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…4,28,32 In a longitudinal study from Brazil, C. hominis and C. parvum infections were associated with decrease in HAZ scores within three months postinfection but this decrease was found to persist at 3-6 months after C. hominis infections, but not C. parvum infections. 35 Low birth weight, malnutrition, stunting and lack of breastfeeding have been reported to predispose children to cryptosporidiosis. 2,4,30 In this birth cohort, the median age of weaning was three months (IQR = 1.8-4 months).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Cryptosporidium Infections in Children in a Semi-Urban Slum Community in Southern India

Ajjampur¹,

Sarkar²,

Sankaran³

et al. 2010

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Cryptosporidium is a leading cause of childhood diarrhea in developing countries. We investigated symptomatic and asymptomatic cryptosporidiosis in 20 children less than two years of age in a semi-urban slum in southern India. All surveillance (conducted every two weeks) and diarrheal samples from 20 children (n = 1,036) with cryptosporidial diarrhea previously identified by stool microscopy were tested by polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism for species and subgenotype determination. Thirty-five episodes of cryptosporidiosis were identified in 20 children, of which 25 were diarrheal. Fifteen episodes were associated with prolonged oocyst shedding. Multiple episodes of cryptosporidiosis occurred in 40% of the children. Most infections were with C. hominis, subtype Ia. Children with multiple infections had significantly lower weight-for-age and height-for-age Z scores at 24 months but had scores comparable with children with a single episode by 36 months. Multiple symptomatic Cryptosporidium infections associated with prolonged oocyst shedding occur frequently in this disease-endemic area and may contribute to the long-term effects of cryptosporidiosis on physical growth in these children.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Cryptosporidium Infections in Children in a Semi-Urban Slum Community in Southern India

Ajjampur¹,

Sarkar²,

Sankaran³

et al. 2010

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…C. hominis, which is associated with a longer duration of symptoms and oocyst shedding, leads to more severe clinical features in humans rather than C. parvum. Additionally, C. hominis infections have been reported to be seen in children, while C. parvum affects adults (12,31,32). It has also been presented that clinical and pathological characteristics can vary depending on the subtypes of the agent, and some C. hominis subtypes, such as subtype Ib identified by GP60 sequence, may cause severe diarrhea accompanied by vomiting and malaise (3,27).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidiosis in Humans with Reference to the First Case of Cryptosporidium hominis Infection in Turkey

Yilmazer¹,

Kucuk²,

Akyıldız³

et al. 2017

Haseki

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Aim:Cryptosporidiosis is a worldwide zoonosis. Microscopic examinations may fail due to indistinctive morphological peculiarities of causative species. Hence, molecular diagnostics has become more important.Methods: Stool samples from 150 patients were examined using carbol-fuchsin stain to determine Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts. Combined nested polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique was used for establishing different species in positive samples. The samples were also screened for other parasites by wet-mount and zinc sulfate flotation methods.Results: Microscopic examinations and molecular techniques revealed 0.67% (1/150) and 8.93% (5/56) positivity, respectively. Nested PCR-RFLP enabled the detection of Cryptosporidium hominis (C. hominis) in one sample, while Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum) was detected in four samples. With this study, C. hominis was reported from humans for the first time in Turkey. Among infected ones, three of which were children, four patients excreted C. parvum oocysts had gastroenteritis, and a patient positive for C. hominis had gastroenteritis accompanied by nausea and vomiting. No Giardia spp. and Entamoeba spp. were detected in all infected individuals. Conclusion:C. parvum cases outnumbered C. hominis cases, suggesting a zoonotic transmission although infected individuals were living in an urban area where animal husbandry was not allowed. However, water-borne pathogen contamination in the city's water supply is considered a factor for transmission.Keywords: Cryptosporidiosis, human, Turkey, polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism Amaç: Cryptosporidiosis dünya çapında bir zoonozdur. Mikroskopik muayene, etken türlerin belirgin olmayan morfolojik özellikleri nedeniyle başarısız olabilir. Bu nedenle moleküler tanı daha da önem kazanmıştır.Yöntemler: Cryptosporidium spp. oosistlerini belirlemek için 150 hastanın dışkı örnekleri karbol-fuksin boya kullanılarak incelendi. Pozitif örneklerde farklı türlerin belirlenmesi için nested polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu-restriksiyon parça uzunluk polimorfizmi (PZR-RPUP) kullanıldı. Örnekler, diğer parazitler için yaş preparasyon ve çinko sülfat flotasyonu yöntemleriyle de araştırıldı. Bulgular:Mikroskobik muayene ve moleküler yöntemlerle sırasıyla %0,67 (1/150) ve %8,93 (5/56) pozitiflik saptandı. Nested PZR-RPUP bir örnekte Cryptosporidium hominis'in (C. hominis), dört örnekte ise Cryptosporidium parvum'un (C. parvum) saptanmasına olanak verdi. Bu çalışma ile C. hominis Türkiye'de ilk kez insanlarda bildirildi. Enfekte olanlar arasında üçü çocuktu, dışkısında C. parvum oosistleri görülen dört hastada gastroenterit, C. hominis pozitif olan bir hastada ise mide bulantısı ve kusmanın eşlik ettiği gastroenterit vardı. Enfekte kişilerin hiçbirinde Giardia spp. ve Entamoeba spp. saptanmadı. Sonuç: C. parvum olgularının C. hominis olgularından fazla olması, enfekte kişilerin hayvancılık yapılmasına izin verilmeyen kentsel alanda yaşamasına rağmen, bir zoonotik bulaşma olduğ...

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“…In studies that discuss the molecular characterization of feces samples testing positive for Cryptosporidium spp., C. hominis was detected at a frequency of 40-90% in HIV-positive patients and 57.1-73.6% in children. In contrast, C. parvum frequency ranged from 10% to 20% in HIV-positive patients and from 10.5% to 42.9% in children (GONÇALVES et al, 2006;BUSHEN et al, 2007;ARAÚJO et al, 2008;LUCCA et al, 2009;ROLANDO et al, 2012).…”

Section: Epidemiological Aspects Of Human Cryptosporidiosismentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Studies on dairy farms have shown that C. parvum was more frequent in calves up to 2 months of age; C. bovis and C. ryanae, in older calves and steers; and C. andersoni, in steers and adults (SANTÍN et al, 2004;FAYER et al, 2007;SANTÍN et al, 2008). Despite the low prevalence of C. parvum in steers and adults, some studies have identified this species in this age group (FAYER et al, 2007;BUDU-AMOAKO et al, 2012;WELLS et al, 2015).…”

Section: Epidemiological Aspects Of Bovine Cryptosporidiosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the low prevalence of C. parvum in steers and adults, some studies have identified this species in this age group (FAYER et al, 2007;BUDU-AMOAKO et al, 2012;WELLS et al, 2015). In Brazil, C. parvum was also more frequently identified in calves up to 2 months of age (THOMAZ et al, 2007;MEIRELES et al, 2011;COUTO et al, 2014).…”

Section: Epidemiological Aspects Of Bovine Cryptosporidiosismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Waterborne Giardia and Cryptosporidium: contamination of human drinking water by sewage and cattle feces

Toledo

Martins

Freire

2017

SCA

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Water is an important vehicle for pathogens such as Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis. In fact, these organisms are responsible for almost 58% and 38% of the waterborne outbreaks reported in ~60 years. Characteristics related to the environmental phase of these protozoa and the different types of hosts are important factors related to environmental contamination. In cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis, outbreaks caused by waterborne pathogens are identified as major risk factors for contamination of water resources by untreated sewage and the entrainment of cattle feces in rainwater. Further, this review covers taxonomic, biologic, and epidemiologic aspects such as prevalence, risk factors, and molecular characterization of these protozoa observed in humans and cattle in order to elucidate the role of these hosts in environmental pollution, and consequently, as a source of infection for susceptible humans, especially in rural areas. Alternative water resources such as wells and springs are used without water treatment and potability monitoring. Epidemiological data are useful, but insufficient to characterize the source of infection, thereby requiring the use of appropriate molecular methods for subtyping the protozoa detected in environmental and feces samples as well as for assessing public health risk. Key words: Sanitation. Giardia duodenalis. Cryptosporidium parvum. Zoonosis. Rural areas. Molecular characterization. ResumoA água é um importante veículo de transmissão de patógenos, entre eles Cryptosporidium spp e Giardia duodenalis, respectivamente responsáveis por 58% e 38% dos surtos de veiculação hídrica registrados em cerca de 60 anos. Características relacionadas às fases ambientais destes protozoários e a grande quantidade de hospedeiros são importantes fatores relacionados à contaminação ambiental. Em surtos de criptosporidiose e giardíase por veiculação hídrica são apontados como principais fatores de risco a contaminação dos mananciais, utilizados para a dessedentação humana, por esgoto não tratado e o desague de fezes de animais devido ao carreamento por água da chuva. Além destes fatores, esta revisão aborda aspectos taxonômicos, biológicos e epidemiológicos, como prevalência, fatores de risco e caracterização molecular destes protozoários em humanos e bovinos como forma de elucidar a importância destes hospedeiros na contaminação ambiental e, consequentemente, como fonte de infecção para humanos suscetíveis, especialmente em áreas rurais. Nestas áreas são frequentemente utilizadas fontes alternativas de abastecimento de água, como poços e nascentes, sem tratamento e monitoramento de potabilidade. Dados epidemiológicos auxiliam, porém não são suficientes para caracterizar fontes de infecção, sendo necessário o uso de adequadas ferramentas de caracterização molecular para subtipagem de protozoários identificados em fezes e amostras ambientais e avaliação do risco de saúde pública.

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Heavy cryptosporidial infections in children in northeast Brazil: comparison of Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum

Cited by 125 publications

References 25 publications

Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Cryptosporidium Infections in Children in a Semi-Urban Slum Community in Southern India

Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Cryptosporidium Infections in Children in a Semi-Urban Slum Community in Southern India

Cryptosporidiosis in Humans with Reference to the First Case of Cryptosporidium hominis Infection in Turkey

Waterborne Giardia and Cryptosporidium: contamination of human drinking water by sewage and cattle feces

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