Heavy metals in cigarettes for sale in Spain

Rubio, Carmen; Garcia, Tiago Severo; Soler, Alfredo Linares; Gutiérrez, Ángel J.; Glez-Weller, D.; González, Gara Luis; Torre, Arturo Hardisson de la; Gironés, Consuelo Revert

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2015.10.003

Cited by 49 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Of course, there are other elements released from cigarette smoking such as Al, Mn, Cu, etc. [ 37 , 38 , 39 ], but in this study, data of smoking and non-smoking houses was compared in Table 3 , it was found that only Cd and As were sensitive to indoor smoking, especially Cd. A likely explanation is that for houses without smoking, the content of indoor Cd and As was relatively low and other elements like Al and Mn were much higher, proved by the above order of elements concentrations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…F3 shows high loading for Zn and Ca, and a moderate loading for Mg, so it was identified as an indoor cooking factor. Chemical elements in cigarette smoking also have been analyzed in many studies [ 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ], Cd and As were detected in a majority of these studies. Of course, there are other elements released from cigarette smoking such as Al, Mn, Cu, etc.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indoor sources can also provide chemical elements for PM 2.5 . Elements such as Cd, As, Cu, Ni, Hg, Mn and Al have been detected in cigarette smoke [ 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ], and Zn, Al, Mg and Ca can be found in cooking fumes [ 41 , 42 , 43 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Source Apportionment and Influencing Factor Analysis of Residential Indoor PM2.5 in Beijing

Yang

Liu

et al. 2018

IJERPH

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In order to identify the sources of indoor PM2.5 and to check which factors influence the concentration of indoor PM2.5 and chemical elements, indoor concentrations of PM2.5 and its related elements in residential houses in Beijing were explored. Indoor and outdoor PM2.5 samples that were monitored continuously for one week were collected. Indoor and outdoor concentrations of PM2.5 and 15 elements (Al, As, Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Pb, Se, Tl, V, Zn) were calculated and compared. The median indoor concentration of PM2.5 was 57.64 μg/m3. For elements in indoor PM2.5, Cd and As may be sensitive to indoor smoking, Zn, Ca and Al may be related to indoor sources other than smoking, Pb, V and Se may mainly come from outdoor. Five factors were extracted for indoor PM2.5 by factor analysis, explained 76.8% of total variance, outdoor sources contributed more than indoor sources. Multiple linear regression analysis for indoor PM2.5, Cd and Pb was performed. Indoor PM2.5 was influenced by factors including outdoor PM2.5, smoking during sampling, outdoor temperature and time of air conditioner use. Indoor Cd was affected by factors including smoking during sampling, outdoor Cd and building age. Indoor Pb concentration was associated with factors including outdoor Pb and time of window open per day, building age and RH. In conclusion, indoor PM2.5 mainly comes from outdoor sources, and the contributions of indoor sources also cannot be ignored. Factors associated indoor and outdoor air exchange can influence the concentrations of indoor PM2.5 and its constituents.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Source Apportionment and Influencing Factor Analysis of Residential Indoor PM2.5 in Beijing

Yang

Liu

et al. 2018

IJERPH

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“…Aluminium is a toxic metal that does not have a function in the human and animal organism [8]. The toxicity of Al depends on the exposure route and the solubility of the aluminium compounds [9].…”

Section: +mentioning

confidence: 99%

Aluminium Exposure Through the Diet

Paz¹

2017

FSN

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Aluminium (Al) is the third most common element in the Earth's crust [1] and is naturally present in the environment. Al is a versatile metal with several properties and has a wide range of uses. Al is used in different alloys with other metals such copper, zinc or magnesium [2].The concentrations of this metal in food and drink have been increasing over time due to the acidification of the soils that transfers the aluminium from the soil to the aquatic environment [3] and anthropogenic activities such as mining (bauxite extraction), aluminium industries, and others [2]. Diet is the main exposure route to metals [4]. Aluminium is found in different drinks and foods such as drinking water, where it is added as a flocculant (aluminium sulphate, Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ), processed foods, where it is used as an additive and as a result of the packaging used and even in fresh foods such as vegetables and fruit because of the Al contained in the soils [5].In addition, aluminium utensils and tea consumption are also responsible for the increase of the Al in the diet [2]. Tea leaves have been reported to have higher Al levels because tea plants are grown in acidic soils [5].Al is present in an ionic form as Al 3+. The absorption of Al depends on several factors such as the pH level, the presence of organic acids (citrate, lactate), etc [2,6].The oral bioavailability of Al, which is the amount that can be absorbed, in drinking water is around 0.3%, while this is approximately 0.1% in food and drinks [7]. Al absorption increases as the pH level decreases.Aluminium is a toxic metal that does not have a function in the human and animal organism [8]. The toxicity of Al depends on the exposure route and the solubility of the aluminium compounds [9]. Aluminium tends to accumulate in the body, in tissues such as the brain, bones, kidney and liver. Long-term exposure to low Al levels leads to toxic effects [10].Based on information provided by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), the exposure of the European population to Al is 28.6-214 µg/kg body weight per day [11].Because of the abovementioned reasons, different institutions have established maximum limit intake levels for aluminium. The EFSA has established a Tolerable Weekly Intake (TWI) of 1 mg Al per kg of bodyweight [7]. The FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, has evaluated the Al bioavailability and concluded by setting a Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) of 2 mg/kg of bodyweight/week [12], and this value is twice that the established by EFSA.Since Al is a toxic metal found in foods and beverages, the data previously obtained by our research group and others have been compiled to compare the levels of aluminium content in different types of food and drinks to study the toxic risk from the diet, and to compare the levels found over time to estimate the general variations in Al content. Data Collection MethodThe present study was conducted from March 2017 to May 2017. The review of the scientific papers was performed with online databases such as the Web of...

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“…A considerable increase in the population of Bursa Province has occurred in recent years due to migration, resulting in an increase of residential areas against fertile agricultural lands, and this has also resulted in the increase of various wastes [2,12]. Nilüfer Stream, with its several tributaries, reaches to an extent of approximately 168 km and is an important water resource of Bursa, which supplies water to irrigation of agricultural sites and for drinking [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. The stream basin covers 1540 km 2 , and over 53.8% of the basin is used for agricultural purposes [2,[12][13].…”

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confidence: 99%

Seasonal Variation of Some Trace Element and Heavy Metal Concentrations in a Turkish Stream

Dorak¹,

Çelik²

2019

Pol. J. Environ. Stud.

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Water is a key element for the existence of living organisms and these organisms provide the surface water and groundwater resources to sustain their vital activities [1]. But since two hundred years ago, our natural resources have been polluted as a result of rapid population growth, industrial development and unconscious agricultural activities [1-2]. For this reason, the use of irrigational or industrial purposes of the water is restricted [1]. Waters including high toxic quantities of ingredients used for household activities, irrigation or industrial purposes without any treatment bring some health and environmental problems [3-7]. Therefore, it is important to take precautions due to the foreign material type and their high concentrations in the water [8-9]. It was thought that nature could cope with these

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Heavy metals in cigarettes for sale in Spain

Cited by 49 publications

References 30 publications

Source Apportionment and Influencing Factor Analysis of Residential Indoor PM2.5 in Beijing

Source Apportionment and Influencing Factor Analysis of Residential Indoor PM2.5 in Beijing

Aluminium Exposure Through the Diet

Seasonal Variation of Some Trace Element and Heavy Metal Concentrations in a Turkish Stream

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