Heavy Metals Pollution in Surface Waters of Pakistan

Azizullah, Azizullah; Taimur, Nadia; Khan, Sanaullah; Häder, Donat‐P.

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-75602-4_13

Cited by 8 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 154 publications

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“…Metal pollutants are already present in the atmosphere, but may become more prevalent as a result of pollution and industrial activity ( Figure 1 ) ( 14 ). In particular, expanding patterns of anthropogenic activity (including industrialization, mining, the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, unrestricted sewage discharge, and extensive groundwater irrigation) have accelerated the spread of heavy metals ( 15 , 16 ). A wide range of factors contribute to the presence of toxic metals in agricultural soils, including air deposition, sewage irrigation, agrochemicals, and animal and bird manure ( 17 – 19 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heavy metal toxicity in poultry: a comprehensive review

Aljohani

2023

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Arsenic (As), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg) have been recognized as most toxic heavy metals that are continuously released into the environment, both from natural sources and from anthropogenic production of fertilizers, industrial activities, and waste disposal. Therefore, As, Cd, Hg, and Pb are found in increasing concentrations in bodies of water, fodder, feed, and in the tissues of livestock, including poultry, in the surroundings of industrial areas, leading to metabolic, structural, and functional abnormalities in various organs in all animals. In poultry, bioaccumulation of As, Pb, Cd, and Hg occurs in many organs (mainly in the kidneys, liver, reproductive organs, and lungs) as a result of continuous exposure to heavy metals. Consumption of Cd lowers the efficiency of feed conversion, egg production, and growth in poultry. Chronic exposure to As, Pb, Cd, and Hg at low doses can change the microscopic structure of tissues (mainly in the brain, liver, kidneys, and reproductive organs) as a result of the increased content of these heavy metals in these tissues. Histopathological changes occurring in the kidneys, liver, and reproductive organs are reflected in their negative impact on enzyme activity and serum biochemical parameters. Metal toxicity is determined by route of exposure, length of exposure, and absorbed dosage, whether chronic and acute. This review presents a discussion of bioaccumulation of As, Cd, Pb, and Hg in poultry and the associated histopathological changes and toxic concentrations in different tissues.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heavy metal toxicity in poultry: a comprehensive review

Aljohani

2023

Front. Vet. Sci.

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“…Heavy metal (HM) pollution and the associated safety of freshwater reservoirs and human health are major global concerns today [8,9]. HM such as arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) are major pollutants in freshwater reservoirs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Irrigation suitability, health risk assessment and source apportionment of heavy metals in surface water used for irrigation near marble industry in Malakand, Pakistan

Khan

Egozcue

et al. 2022

PLoS ONE

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Water is a vital, finite resource whose quantity and quality are deteriorating as the world population increases. The current study aims to investigate the concentration of heavy metals (HM) in surface water for irrigation purposes with associated human health risks and pollution sources near the marble industry in Malakand, Pakistan. Twenty-seven water samples were randomly collected and analyzed for HM concentration by inductively coupled plasma‒optical emission spectrometry (ICP‒OES). pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were measured using standard methods of American Public Health Association (APHA). Irrigation suitability was assessed using specific water quality parameters. The associated health risks from ingestion and dermal exposure to heavy metals were calculated by USEPA health risk indices. Pollution sources and spatial distribution mapping were studied using compositional data analysis (CoDa) and the application of a geographic information system (GIS) to understand the changing behavior of heavy metals in surface waters. The concentrations of BOD (89%), COD (89%), Al (89%), Ca (89%), Cr (56%), Cu (78%), Fe (56%), K (34%) Mg (23%), Mn (56%), Na (89%), Ni (56%), P (89%), and Zn (11%) exceeded the safety limits of National Environmental Quality standards (NEQs) of Pakistan. The results of Kelly’s ratio (KR) classified surface water as unsuitable for irrigation. The average daily doses (ADD, mg/kg/day) for Al, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn were higher in children than in adults. The hazard index (HI) for children and adults was above the threshold (HI > 1), indicating a significant risk of non-carcinogenic toxicity. The carcinogenic risk values for Cr and Ni were above the USEPA limit (1 × 10−6 to 1 × 10−4), suggesting a potential carcinogenic risk for the target population. Principal component analysis (PCA), biplot (CLR), and the CoDa-dendrogram allowed for the identification of elemental associations, and their potential source was anthropogenic rather than natural in origin. Regular monitoring and phytoremediation strategies are proposed to safeguard crops and human health.

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