Heavy Metals Size Distribution in PM10 and Environmental-Sanitary Risk Analysis in Acerra (Italy)

Vaio, Paola Di; Magli, Elisa; Caliendo, Giuseppe; Corvino, Angela; Fiorino, Ferdinando; Frecentese, Francesco; Saccone, Irene; Santagada, Vincenzo; Severino, Beatrice; Onorati, G.; Freda, Giuseppina D’Onofrio; Manzo, Cosimo; Perissutti, Elisa

doi:10.3390/atmos9020058

Cited by 48 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The particles that are deposited in the ET region might be swallowed and transferred to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, while those deposited in the AL region might remain in the lungs [9]. Regarding chemical composition, PM Pb can lead to renal damage, neurological dysfunction, and anemia [20]; PM As and PM Cd can lead to carcinogenic effects [21]; and PM Mn can induce severe neurotoxic impairments [22].…”

Section: Diffusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediction of Aerosol Deposition in the Human Respiratory Tract via Computational Models: A Review with Recent Updates

et al. 2020

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The measurement of deposited aerosol particles in the respiratory tract via in vivo and in vitro approaches is difficult due to those approaches' many limitations. In order to overcome these obstacles, different computational models have been developed to predict the deposition of aerosol particles inside the lung. Recently, some remarkable models have been developed based on conventional semi-empirical models, one-dimensional whole-lung models, three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics models, and artificial neural networks for the prediction of aerosol-particle deposition with a high accuracy relative to experimental data. However, these models still have some disadvantages that should be overcome shortly. In this paper, we take a closer look at the current research trends as well as the future directions of this research area.Atmosphere 2020, 11, 137 2 of 27 PM Cd , and PM Pb ), the annual limit values are 6, 5, and 500 ng/m 3 , respectively (Directives 1999/30/EC and 2008/50/EC) [9]. Inhaled drug therapy can be a useful option against many lung diseases such as asthma or COPD. The efficiency of pharmaceutical aerosols depends on their deposition in the airways, especially the upper generations [10]. The estimation of aerosol transportation and deposition in the human lung can therefore indicate strategies for the prevention or alleviation of health effects from inhaled toxic particles or new drug-aerosol delivery approaches that can overcome the limitations of inhalers [11]. Atmospheric-aerosol deposition in the human respiratory tract (RT) can be directly measured by monitoring and comparing inhaled and exhaled particle concentrations. However, due to experimental limitations, the regional dose in the respiratory system is hard to measure experimentally but can be predicted by the application of different mathematical models. Suitable mathematical models are those that show a reasonable correlation between results obtained from modeling and empirical measurements [12]. Computational models generally consist of three elements: (1) a mathematical formulation that describes the relevant physical and chemical processes, (2) the setting of specific initial and boundary conditions, and (3) the solving of equations for the specified geometry. The accuracy of a computational model depends on the extent to which these elements are realistic. Additionally, regardless of the computational model that is applied, four types of input data are required: (1) lung morphometry, (2) breathing pattern, (3) particle properties, and (4) gas/vapor properties (Figure 1) [4]. The effects of these input data to the computational models were introduced in the review of Rostami (2009) and Hussain et al. (2011) [4,13]. In this review, we only present the advances of lung geometry models due to their strong relations to the accuracies of the computational models [4,13].

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Section: Diffusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediction of Aerosol Deposition in the Human Respiratory Tract via Computational Models: A Review with Recent Updates

et al. 2020

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“…Exposure, expressed in terms of the lifetime average daily dose (LADD), allowed determination of the corresponding level of cancer risk (CR) for each metal. LADD serves to determine the amount of intake per kg of body weight per day of a pollutant suspected of having adverse effects on health when it is absorbed into the body over a long period, and is calculated with the following equations [11]:…”

Section: Health Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trace Metal Content and Health Risk Assessment of PM10 in an Urban Environment of León, Mexico

Bretón

Guzman

et al. 2019

Atmosphere

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Trace metal concentrations in PM10 were measured in an urban–industrial site in León, Mexico in three different seasons. PM10 were collected in quartz fiber filters of 47 mm diameter using low volume equipment operating with a controlled flow of 5 L min−1 over 24 h. Mass concentrations were gravimetrically determined and it was found that PM10 samples showed values in excess of the Mexican standard and the established values by WHO during cold dry and warm dry seasons. Morphology of selected particles was studied by SEM-EDS analysis, and the elemental composition was determined. Collected samples were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry in order to quantify ambient air concentrations of some trace metals (Cu, Co, Zn, Cd, Fe, Mg, and Mn). Median concentrations of trace metals showed the maximum value for iron (3.079 μgm−3) and the minimum value for Cd (0.050 μgm−3) over the entire period. From the meteorological analysis, it was found that sources located SW and ESE of the sampling site contributed to the levels of trace metals in PM10 in the studied site. The health risk assessment found that the population of León is at increased lifetime risk of experiencing cancer because of exposure to these concentrations of PM10 and their trace metal content.

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“…Portion of each samples were used to estimate HMs (Pb, Cu and Mn). Samples kept unwashed in order to study the atmospheric deposition of HMs which are carried by PM that are emitted from the refinery, and transformed distances before deposited on the surface of plant leaves leading to accumulate some HMs like Pb, Cu and Mn [36] [37] [38]. Samples were dried in an oven at 105˚C to a consistent weighed, dried leaves samples were grounding using a stainless steel grinder, then samples were passing through a sieve with a mesh size of 0.25 mm.…”

Section: Heavy Metals Determinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Assessment Study of Usefulness of Using Olive (<i>Olea europaea</i> L.) Leaves in Biomonitoring the Air Pollution near Baniyas Oil Refinery, Syria: Estimating of Total Phenolic Compounds and Lead, Copper and Manganese in Olive Leaves

Mahfoud¹,

Khalil²,

Moustapha³

2018

AJPS

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The aim of this study was to estimate the total amount of phenolic compounds of olive trees leaves (Olea europaea L.) as a biomarker for the assessment of heavy metals (HMs) air pollution (Pb, Cu and Mn) in Baniyas area. Olive trees were selected as the predominant species in the study area. Samples were collected from 6 locations at different distances from the vicinity of Baniyas refinery (0.1, 0.5, 2, 4, 6, 10) Km. The control was taken from an area about 20 km from the refinery to the north-east (Al-Qardaha rural). The concentration of total phenolic compounds (TPC) during the summer was (45.6 -70.85) mg GAE/g dw, and during winter (35.6 -52.9) mg GAE/g dw. The concentrations of the studied HMs (Pb, Cu and Mn) in unwashed leaves during summer were (0.879 -2.170) ppm, (0.75 -5.21) ppm and (54.38 -8.78) ppm respectively, whilst during the winter concentrations were (0.479 -1.023) ppm, (1.54 -7.29) ppm and (53.79 -7.58) ppm respectively. The results showed significant differences in the concentration of total phenolic compounds and HMs (Pb, Cu and Mn) between sites (ANOVA), significant differences in concentrations of both total phenols and HMs (Pb and Cu) between summer and winter at all sites (t-test, p < 0.05). TPC, Pb and Mn were higher in summer in all sites than in winter. Levels of Cu were significantly higher in winter than in summer at all sites (t-test, p < 0.05). The results showed a negative correlation (t-test, p < 0.05) between the concentration of

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Heavy Metals Size Distribution in PM10 and Environmental-Sanitary Risk Analysis in Acerra (Italy)

Cited by 48 publications

References 34 publications

Prediction of Aerosol Deposition in the Human Respiratory Tract via Computational Models: A Review with Recent Updates

Prediction of Aerosol Deposition in the Human Respiratory Tract via Computational Models: A Review with Recent Updates

Trace Metal Content and Health Risk Assessment of PM10 in an Urban Environment of León, Mexico

An Assessment Study of Usefulness of Using Olive (<i>Olea europaea</i> L.) Leaves in Biomonitoring the Air Pollution near Baniyas Oil Refinery, Syria: Estimating of Total Phenolic Compounds and Lead, Copper and Manganese in Olive Leaves

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Heavy Metals Size Distribution in PM10 and Environmental-Sanitary Risk Analysis in Acerra (Italy)

Cited by 48 publications

References 34 publications

Prediction of Aerosol Deposition in the Human Respiratory Tract via Computational Models: A Review with Recent Updates

Prediction of Aerosol Deposition in the Human Respiratory Tract via Computational Models: A Review with Recent Updates

Trace Metal Content and Health Risk Assessment of PM10 in an Urban Environment of León, Mexico

An Assessment Study of Usefulness of Using Olive (&lt;i&gt;Olea europaea&lt;/i&gt; L.) Leaves in Biomonitoring the Air Pollution near Baniyas Oil Refinery, Syria: Estimating of Total Phenolic Compounds and Lead, Copper and Manganese in Olive Leaves

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An Assessment Study of Usefulness of Using Olive (<i>Olea europaea</i> L.) Leaves in Biomonitoring the Air Pollution near Baniyas Oil Refinery, Syria: Estimating of Total Phenolic Compounds and Lead, Copper and Manganese in Olive Leaves