“…Parents’ presence during medical procedures is valued and expected by healthcare providers because it may reduce distress and worry and can help comfort the child (Cavender, Goff, Hollon, & Guzzetta, 2004; Gilboy & Hollywood, 2009; Snyder, 2004). Healthcare providers often take parental participation in restraint for granted (Hallström, Runeson, & Elander, 2002) and there are indications that parents provide most of the holding during procedures (Graham & Hardy, 2004; Homer & Bass, 2010; McGrath & Huff, 2003).…”