Hemodialysis and Protein Oxidation Products

Abstract

The presence of a chronic inflammatory state has also been widely documented in end-stage renal disease patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis (HD). It is commonly attributed to the constantly renewed activation of circulating neutrophils and monocytes following blood passage through dialysis circuits and subsequent generation of activated complement components due to contact of plasma with bioincompatible membranes and/or transfer of endotoxins from the dialyzate to the blood compartment. This conjunction leads to a massive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), for example, superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, and chlorinated oxidants, such as hypochlorous acid by activated neutrophils. The exquisite vulnerability of proteins to ROS is now well documented. Oxidation of amino acid residues, such as tyrosine, leads to the formation of dityrosine, protein aggregation, cross-linking, and fragmentation. Dityrosine-containing protein cross-linking products in the plasma of dialysis patients are named as advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP). In addition, advanced glycation end-products (AGE) is a protein carbonyl compound and produced by protein-ROS interaction. We investigated both the effect of the renewed activation of the immune cells, due to blood-dialyzer interaction over protein oxidation products like AOPP and AGE, among chronic renal failure (CRF) patients receiving maintenance HD, and choice of dialyzers like high flux or the other group on protein oxidation product levels.

Tipping the redox balance of oxidative stress in fibrogenic pathways in chronic kidney disease

“…Table 1 lists the most commonly utilized biomarkers in human and experimental models. The application of these biomarkers has now unequivocally demonstrated that acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, and end-stage renal disease are states of increased oxidative stress [60][61][62][63][64][65]. A more complete approach with potential promise is the utilization of multiple biomarkers from both oxidant-generating and antioxidant pathways to assess oxidative stress [60,66].…”

Maternal Plasma Fibronectin and Advanced Oxidative Protein Products for the Prediction of Preeclampsia in High Risk Pregnancies: A Prospective Cohort Study

“…Indices of oxidative damage, especially the products of lipid peroxidation, are widely used as markers of oxidative stress [27] . AOPPs are more recently described, have been intensely investigated and appear to be good markers of oxidative imbalance as they can be used as an indicator of lipid peroxidation and are more stable and easier to sample [28] . We hypothesized that increased levels of AOPP may reflect oxidative damage to proteins associated with the development of endothelial dysfunction.…”

Expressions of Protein Oxidation Markers, Dityrosine and Advanced Oxidation Protein Products in Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats

“…Dityrosine is formed by ROS, enzymatic reactions, ultraviolet irradiation and lipid peroxidation [10,11,14,16]. AOPP are defined as dityrosine-containing cross-linked protein products and are considered to be reliable markers for estimating the degree of protein oxidation [2,5,19].…”