Hemoglobin Level and Associated Factors among Pregnant Women in Rural Southwest Ethiopia

Abstract

Background. Anemia is a situation in which the number and size of red blood cells, or the concentration of hemoglobin, fall below established cut-off values. Low hemoglobin level during pregnancy favors the alteration of placental angiogenesis and resulted in restricting the availability of nutrients to the fetus and consequently causing fetal growth retardation and low weight at birth. This study is aimed at assessing the hemoglobin level and associated factors among pregnant women in rural communities of Jimma zone, Southwest Ethiopia. Methods. A community-based cross-sectional study design was carried out among 367 pregnant women from June 1 to 30, 2020. Systematic random sampling was used to select study subjects. Hemoglobin level was measured by using HemoCue HB 301. An interviewer-administered structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the study subjects. A multivariable linear regression model was employed after the linearity, normality, multicollinearity, and homoscedasticity assumptions were checked. The unstandardized beta ( β ) coefficient along with a 95% confidence interval was computed to estimate the association between explanatory and dependant variables. Statistical significance was declared at P value < 0.05. Results. The mean (± SD) hemoglobin level of the respondents was 12.66 (±1.44) g/dl. The overall magnitude of anemia ( hemoglobin level < 11 g / dl ) among pregnant women was found to be 85 [23.16%, (95% CI: 18.3%-27.5%)]. Meal frequency [ β = 0.40 , (95% CI: 0.12, 0.69), P = 0.005 ], interpregnancy interval [ β = 0.08 , (95% CI: 0.02, 0.15), P = 0.007 ], mid-upper arm circumference measurement [ β = 0.13 , (95% CI: 0.07, 0.20), P ≤ 0.001 ], own fruits/vegetable [ β = 0.55 , (95% CI: 0.79, 0.31), P ≤ 0.001 ], coffee consumption [ β = − 1.00 , (95% CI: -1.31, -0.68), P ≤ 0.001 ], and having history of still birth [ β = − 0.63 , (95% CI: -1.06, -0.20), P = 0.004 ] were significantly associated with the hemoglobin level of pregnant women. Conclusions. Anemia was identified to be a moderate public health problem in the study area. Therefore, nutritional counseling should focus on the necessity of at least one extra meal, promotion of fruits/vegetable consumption, and improving the nutritional status of the women during antenatal care follow-up. Moreover, early screening and management of women with a history of stillbirth for anemia are also essential.

Level and predictors of dietary diversity among pregnant women in rural South-West Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study

“…The details of the methods including study settings, sampling techniques, inclusion and exclusion criteria are described elsewhere. 24…”

Analisis faktor yang berhubungan dengan status gizi dengan kejadian anemia pada ibu hamil

“…Defisiensi zat besi adalah penyebab terbesar anemia karena gangguan absorbsi dan tidak cukup intake zat besi, karena peningkatan kebutuhan zat besi selama kehamilan meningkat. Zat besi penting bagi proses metabolik dalam sel dan fungsi organ termasuk respirasi, produksi energi, produksi DNA dan proliferation sel (Tim Nasional Percepatan Penanggulangan Kemiskinan (TNP2K), 2018; Kuma, Tamiru, & Belachew, 2021).…”

“…Anemia ibu hamil adalah suatu keadaan dimana jumlah atau konsentrasi sel darah merah/hemoglobin lebih rendah dari normal 6 (<11 mg/dl) sehingga terjadi penurunan kapasitas darah untuk membawa oksigen ke jaringan tubuh. WHO memprediksi 40% wanita hamil di seluruh dunia menderita Anemia akan menurunkan daya tahan tubuh sehingga rentan terhadap berbagai infeksi, termasuk infeksi Covid-19 saat pandemic dan penyakit yang ditimbulkannya (Kementerian kesehatan Republik Indonesia, 2020; World Health Organization, 2017; World Health Organization, 2021; Kuma et al, 2021).…”

“…pengetahuan makanan sumber zat besi kelompok daging kelompok sayuran, dan tablet Fe dengan anemia ibu hamil. Ada hubungan kebiasaan mengkonsumsi makanan yang mengandung zat besi dengan kejadian anemia pada ibu hamil (Fuada, Setyawati, Salimar, & Purwandari, 2019;Kuma et al, 2021;Bansal, Bedi, Kaur, Kaur, Shergill, Khaira, & Suri, 2020;Afrida, 2019).…”

Haemoglobin Level of Pregnant Women was Associated with History of Anemia During Adolescent Period: Findings from the Indonesia Family Life Survey

“…The newborns of mothers with low hemoglobin levels are more likely to experience premature birth, low birth weight, and death. 6,8,15, 16 They also have a higher chance to have brain and body cell growth problems and acquire nutritional problems, including stunting and wasting. [17][18][19][20] This condition could continually decrease the immune system protecting the children from infection and hinder the intelligence quotient (IQ) development at school age period.…”