Henipavirus susceptibility to environmental variables

Fogarty, Rhys; Halpin, Kim; Hyatt, Alex D.; Daszak, Peter; Mungall, Bruce A.

doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2007.11.010

Cited by 125 publications

(128 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…This laboratory has demonstrated recently that both viruses display a broad tolerance to pH changes (e.g. in bat urine) and remain viable for considerable periods in a range of fruit juices (Fogarty et al, 2008), supporting recent epidemiological evidence for food-borne transmission (Luby et al, 2006). When combined with the recent evidence of person to person transmission (Gurley et al, 2007;Icddr, 2004a;Icddr, 2004b) and the absence of any vaccines or therapeutics to treat these viruses, there is an urgent need to develop effective therapeutic intervention strategies for Henipaviruses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and validation of a chemiluminescent immunodetection assay amenable to high throughput screening of antiviral drugs for Nipah and Hendra virus

Aljofan

Porotto

Moscona

et al. 2008

Journal of Virological Methods

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There are currently no antiviral drugs approved for the highly lethal Biosafety Level Four pathogens Nipah and Hendra virus. A number of researchers are developing surrogate assays amenable to Biosafety Level Two biocontainment but ultimately, the development of a High Throughput Screening method for directly quantifying these viruses in a Biosafety Level Four environment will be critical for final evaluation of antiviral drugs identified in surrogate assays, in addition to reducing the time required for effective antiviral drug development. By adapting an existing immunoplaque assay and using enzyme linked immunodetection in a microtitre plate format, the current experiments describe a simple two step assay protocol involving an overnight virus inoculation of Vero cell monolayers (with or without antiviral drug treatment) at Biosafety Level Four, followed by cell fixation and virus inactivation enabling removal of plates from the Biosafety Level Four laboratory and a subsequent immunodetection assay using a chemiluminescent Horse Radish Peroxidase substrate to be performed at Biosafety Level Two. The analytical sensitivity (limit of detection) of this assay is 100 Tissue Culture Infectious Dose 50 /ml of either Nipah or Hendra virus. In addition this assay enables linear quantitation of virus over three orders of magnitude and is unaffected by Dimethyl Sulfoxide concentrations of 1% or less. Intra-assay coefficients of variation are acceptable (less than 20%) when detecting a minimum of 1,000 Tissue Culture Infectious Dose 50 /ml of either virus although inter-assay variation is considerably greater. By an assessment of efficacies of the broad spectrum antiviral Ribavirin and an experimental fusion inhibitory peptide, this assay reveals a good correlation with previously published fluorescent immunodetection assays. The current experiments describe for the first time, a High Throughput Screening method amenable for direct assessment of live henipavirus antiviral drug activity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and validation of a chemiluminescent immunodetection assay amenable to high throughput screening of antiviral drugs for Nipah and Hendra virus

Aljofan

Porotto

Moscona

et al. 2008

Journal of Virological Methods

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“…Transmission of Hendra virus in Australia and Nipah virus in Malaysia from bats to intermediate or amplifying domestic animal hosts (horses and pigs, respectively) likely occurred though consumption of partially chewed fruit contaminated with bat saliva or ingestion of bat urine under bat foraging sites (Field et al 2001;Chua et al 2002). Henipaviruses have been shown experimentally to remain viable on the surface of mango and in other tropical fruit juices (lychee and papaya) from 2 h to 2 days depending on temperature and pH (Fogarty et al 2008). Similarly, Chua et al (2002) successfully isolated Nipah virus from a fruit in the wild that was partially eaten by P. hypomelanus.…”

Section: Food-borne Zoonotic Disease Risk From Pteropodid Batsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Conflict Between Pteropodid Bats and Fruit Growers: Species, Legislation and Mitigation

Aziz

Olival

Bumrungsri

et al. 2015

Bats in the Anthropocene: Conservation of Bats in a Changing World

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Pteropodid bats damage a wide range of fruit crops, exacerbated by continuing loss of their natural food as forests are cleared. In some countries where such damage occurs, bats are not legally protected. In others, as a result of pressure from fruit growers, legal protection is either not implemented or overridden by legislation specifically allowing the killing of bats. Lethal control is generally ineffective and often carried out with shotguns making it an animal welfare issue, as many more animals are injured or orphaned than are killed. Here, we review the literature and current state of the conflict between fruit growers and pteropodids and describe a wide range of potential mitigation techniques. We compile an extensive list of bats and the fruit crops on which they feed where this has resulted in conflicts, or could lead to conflict, with fruit growers. We also discuss the legal status of bats in some countries where such conflicts occur. We found the most effective means of preventing bat damage to crops is the use of fixed nets (that generally prevent entanglement) covering a whole orchard. Netting individual trees, or fruit panicles, using small net bags, is also effective. Management methods that assist netting include pruning to maintain low stature of trees. These

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“…16,72 However, henipaviruses are sensitive to pH, temperature, and desiccation, indicating a need for close contact between hosts for transmission to occur. 19 Bossart recently reviewed an assessment of henipavirus therapeutics and vaccines, 5 and human henipavirus vaccines and passive immunotherapy will likely be available in the future. 6,23 The aim of this article is to discuss the pathology of laboratory animal models of henipavirus infection and to assess their suitability as animal models for the development and testing of therapeutics and vaccines.…”

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confidence: 99%

Henipavirus: A Review of Laboratory Animal Pathology

Williamson¹,

Torres-Vélez

2010

Vet Pathol

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The genus Henipavirus contains two members-Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV)-and each can cause fatal disease in humans and animals. HeV and Niv are currently classified as biosafety level 4, and NiV is classified as a category C priority pathogen. The aim of this article is to discuss the pathology of laboratory animal models of henipavirus infection and to assess their suitability as animal models for the development and testing of human therapeutics and vaccines. There has been considerable progress in the development of animal models for henipavirus disease. Suitable animal models include the golden hamster, ferrets, cats, and pigs, which develop disease resembling that observed in humans. Guinea pigs are a less reliable model for henipavirus disease, but they do develop henipavirus-induced encephalitis. Because human efficacy studies with henipaviruses are not permitted, animal studies are critical for the development of antiviral therapeutics and vaccines. Current research indicates that passive immunotherapy using monoclonal antibodies is protective of ferrets against NiV infection and that passive immunotherapy using NiV antibodies protects hamsters from HeV. Recombinant vaccines have been used to protect cats and pigs against NiV infection. Ribavirin and 6-aza-uridine were able to delay but not prevent NiV-induced mortality in hamsters. Further research is needed to develop a model and therapy for late-onset henipavirus encephalitis.

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Henipavirus susceptibility to environmental variables

Cited by 125 publications

References 21 publications

Development and validation of a chemiluminescent immunodetection assay amenable to high throughput screening of antiviral drugs for Nipah and Hendra virus

Development and validation of a chemiluminescent immunodetection assay amenable to high throughput screening of antiviral drugs for Nipah and Hendra virus

The Conflict Between Pteropodid Bats and Fruit Growers: Species, Legislation and Mitigation

Henipavirus: A Review of Laboratory Animal Pathology

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