Hepatic Effects among Workers Exposed to Ethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether Acetate

Loh, Ching‐Hui; Liou, Saou-Hsing; Jiau, Shyi-Shiaw; Cheng, Wei-Tung; Shih, Tung‐Sheng; Chen, Hong‐I

doi:10.2486/indhealth.46.463

Cited by 3 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…Although use of 2-EEA has been banned in the semiconductor industry, 2-EE and 2-EEA is still used in paints, thinners, and inks products [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] . Data from a hazard survey showed that the annual consumption rates of 2-EE and 2-EEA are 1,200-1,800 and 5,000-8,000 tons, respectively, in Taiwan 14) .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular, 2-EEA is used in silk-screening printing shops as a diluent or detergent 14) . Overexposure to 2-EE or 2-EEA leads to toxic effects in animal experiments and human epidemiological studies via inhalation or percutaneous absorption 1,[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] . Percutaneous uptake is the main route of exposure for 2-EEA 1,4,5,12,13) .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Overexposure to 2-EE or 2-EEA leads to toxic effects in animal experiments and human epidemiological studies via inhalation or percutaneous absorption 1,[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] . Percutaneous uptake is the main route of exposure for 2-EEA 1,4,5,12,13) . The toxic effects of 2-EEA include neurological toxicities 1,6) , reproductive toxicities 1,[7][8][9] , and hematological abnormalities 1,6,[10][11][12][13] .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Percutaneous uptake is the main route of exposure for 2-EEA 1,4,5,12,13) . The toxic effects of 2-EEA include neurological toxicities 1,6) , reproductive toxicities 1,[7][8][9] , and hematological abnormalities 1,6,[10][11][12][13] . Our recent paper showed lower mean hemoglobin and haematocrit levels in a 2-EEA high-exposure group than in a low-exposure group 13) .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The toxic effects of 2-EEA include neurological toxicities 1,6) , reproductive toxicities 1,[7][8][9] , and hematological abnormalities 1,6,[10][11][12][13] . Our recent paper showed lower mean hemoglobin and haematocrit levels in a 2-EEA high-exposure group than in a low-exposure group 13) . However, the red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), and platelet counts were found not to be decreased in the high-exposure group.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hematological Follow‐up of an Intervention Program Adding Rubber Glove‐Wearing to Local Ventilation for 2‐Ethoxyethanol Acetate‐Exposed Workers

Chen

Liou

Hsieh

et al. 2007

Journal of Occupational Health

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Hematological Follow‐up of an Intervention Program Adding Rubber Glove‐Wearing to Local Ventilation for 2‐Ethoxyethanol Acetate‐Exposed Workers

Chen

Liou

Hsieh

et al. 2007

Journal of Occupational Health

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Ethers of Ethylene Glycol and Derivatives

Kelsey

2023

Patty's Toxicology

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E series Glycol ethers are alkyl ethers of ethylene glycol along with their acetate esters. They are commonly used in paints and cleaners and typically have a higher boiling point in conjunction with the favorable solvent properties of lower‐molecular weight ethers, esters, and alcohols. They are colorless liquids that have mild earthy or fruity odors. The ethers are miscible with water and/or with numerous organic solvents making them useful as solvents in oil‐water compositions. Their relatively slow rate of evaporation also makes them useful as solvents and coalescing agents in paints and inks. The surface tension and solvent properties of the ethers make them useful in cleaners. Other uses of the ethers include process solvents and deicers. The ethers of the higher glycols are used as hydraulic fluids. Occupational exposure to glycol ethers occurs dermally and by inhalation. Most glycol ethers have low acute, single‐dose toxicity to humans. The most notable and well‐known effect relevant to humans is toxicity to male fertility and developmental toxicity produced by those glycol ethers that can metabolize to produce significant amounts of methoxyacetic acid such as methoxy ethanol and the methyl glymes.

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Ethers of Ethylene Glycol and Derivatives

Cragg¹

2012

Patty's Toxicology

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There are seven U.S. manufacturers of ethers and other derivatives of ethylene glycol (EG), diethylene glycol (DEG), and higher glycols. Five of them are members of the American Chemistry Council (ACC) Glycol Ethers' Panel. The glycol ethers most commonly encountered industrially are colorless liquids that have mild ethereal odors. Alkyl glycol ethers are manufactured in a closed, continuous process by reacting ethylene oxide with an anhydrous alcohol in the presence of a suitable catalyst. Depending on the molar ratios of the reactants and other process parameters, the product mixtures obtained contain varying amounts of the monoethylene, diethylene, triethylene, and higher glycol ethers. Typically, the products in these mixtures are separated and purified by fractional distillation. The miscibility of most of these ethers with water and with a large number of organic solvents makes them especially useful as solvents in oil–water compositions. Their relatively slow rate of evaporation also makes them useful as solvents and coalescing agents in paints. Other uses include inks, cleaners, chemical intermediates, process solvents, brake fluids, and deicers. The ethers of the higher glycols are used as hydraulic fluids. An estimate of the U.S. production and use of representative ethylene glycol ethers is presented. Production of ethylene glycol ethers (total) in Western Europe amounted to 245 thousand metric tons in 1995. Occupational exposure to glycol ethers occurs dermally and by inhalation. Ingestion is not a concern in industrial exposure, although some cases of intentional ingestion of consumer products containing ethylene glycol ethers have been reported. A number of analytical methods have been published that are suitable for detecting glycol ethers in environmental air samples. Glycol ethers generally have low acute, single‐dose toxicity, and LD 50 values generally range from 1.0 to 4.0 g/kg of body weight. In animals and humans, high‐dose administrations (>350 mg/kg) result in central nervous system (CNS) depression, although the results from many studies show no specific damage to neural tissues. Other toxicological effects attributable to glycol ethers are associated with metabolism to the corresponding alkoxyacetic acids. In the case of EGME, EGEE, and certain other glycol ether derivatives, significant reproductive, developmental, hematologic, and immunologic effects have been associated with the formation of either methoxyacetic acid (MAA) or ethoxyacetic acids (EAA). For other glycol ether derivatives substituted with propyl, butyl, or higher homologues, both developmental effects secondary to maternal toxicity (without teratogenic effects) and hematologic effects are observed. Ethylene glycol ethers and acetates may enter the environment from manufacturing effluents and emissions and as a result of their use in commercial products.

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Hepatic Effects among Workers Exposed to Ethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether Acetate

Cited by 3 publications

References 31 publications

Hematological Follow‐up of an Intervention Program Adding Rubber Glove‐Wearing to Local Ventilation for 2‐Ethoxyethanol Acetate‐Exposed Workers

Hematological Follow‐up of an Intervention Program Adding Rubber Glove‐Wearing to Local Ventilation for 2‐Ethoxyethanol Acetate‐Exposed Workers

Ethers of Ethylene Glycol and Derivatives

Ethers of Ethylene Glycol and Derivatives

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