Hepatitis A: Disease Burden and Current Childhood Vaccination Strategies in the United States

Comparison of immunogenicity between inactivated and live attenuated hepatitis A vaccines

“…Post Hoc tests revealed that the GMC in the two-dose Healive ® group was significantly higher than that in the one-dose Healive ® group (932.4 vs. 112.7 mIU/ml, p < 0.05), and also higher than that in the one-dose attenuated live vaccine groups (932.4 vs. 135. 8,203.3, 212.8 mIU/ml, respectively, p < 0.05). For comparisons among the one-dose vaccines, the GMC in the one-dose Healive ® group was significantly lower than that in the attenuated live vaccine B or C group (112.7 vs. 203.3 or 212.8 mIU/ml, respectively, p < 0.05).…”

“…However, the absence of symptoms in many children means that they may remain a key source for hepatitis A transmission. 8 In 2008, the Chinese Ministry of Health incorporated the HAV vaccine into the Expanded Program of Immunization (EPI) in China. All infants age 18 mo are vaccinated with HAV vaccine free of charge.…”

Contributions from the systematic review of economic evaluations: the case of childhood hepatitis A vaccination in Brazil

“…The severity of hepatitis A increases with age: jaundice is reported in only 7% of children less than four years of age with hepatitis A 30 . Meanwhile, more than 70% of older children and adults are symptomatic, with clinical jaundice in 40 to 70% of cases 30,39 . In countries with high endemicity, infection occurs in early childhood, and the vast majority of cases are asymptomatic.…”

Hepatitis A outbreak in Italy, 2013: a matched case–control study

“…HAV, which can be stable in the environment for several months is able to survive freezing [3], and can be transmitted through contaminated water and food as well as from person to person, by the faecal-oral route [1,4]. Other relevant risk factors associated with HAV are travel to highly endemic areas [5] as well as individual high-risk behaviours (such as for people who inject drugs or use other illicit drugs, for men who have sex with men and for people using contaminated blood products [2]). …”