Hepatitis B Antigen: Regional Variation in Incidence and Subtype Ratio in the American Red Cross Donor Population1

Dodd, Roger Y.; Holland, P. V.; Ni, Louisa Y.; Smith, Holly; Greenwalt, Tibor J.

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121487

Cited by 67 publications

(23 citation statements)

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“…[28][29][30] In the Japanese population living in Japan, two main subtypes have been found: adr and adw. 29 Negativity for HBeAg usually indicates cessation of HBV replication and represents a later stage of chronic HBV infection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis B surface antigen disappearance and hepatitis B surface antigen subtype: a prospective, long-term, follow-up study of Japanese residents of Okinawa, Japan with chronic hepatitis B virus infection.

Furusyo¹,

Hayashi²,

Sawayama³

et al. 1999

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. To determine the natural course of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) disappearance in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and the factors related to its disappearance, 946 HBsAg carriers in Okinawa, Japan were prospectively followed for up to 19 years (mean ϭ 9.2 years). The disappearance of HBsAg, as determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA), was observed in 62 (6.6%) and the overall annual disappearance rate was 0.79%/year. Its disappearance was more frequent in 60 (7.4%) of 815 serum samples negative for hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) by RIA at entry compared with only two (1.5%) of 131 serum samples that were HBeAg positive by RIA at entry (P Ͻ 0.05). Stepwise logistic regression analysis showed that age and HBsAg subtype were significantly associated with HBsAg disappearance (both P Ͻ 0.05), and that carriers with subtype adr (odds ratio ϭ 2.87) had an increased probability of clearing HBsAg compared with carriers with subtype adw. Conversely, HBeAg disappearance was earlier in those with the adw subtype than in those with adr. Hepatitis B virus DNA was not detected by the polymerase chain reaction after HBsAg disappearance in any of the 62 from whom it had disappeared. The HBsAg titer, as measured by reverse passive hemagglutination, was related to the time to its disappearance; the higher the titer, the longer the time to disappearance. These findings suggest that HBeAg negativity, a more advanced age, and low titers of HBsAg are favorable factors for HBsAg disappearance in the natural course of chronic HBV infection. Moreover, HBsAg subtype adr was a predictive factor for HBsAg disappearance, whereas subtype adw was predictive of early HBeAg disappearance.It has been conservatively estimated that there are 350 million chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers throughout the world.1 This virus is a serious problem in many countries since it causes chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. [2][3][4] Diagnosis is made by the detection of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in serum. The disappearance of HBsAg and the appearance of antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs) in sera have been reported to indicate the clearance of HBV particles and the cessation of hepatocyte injury. [5][6][7] Our laboratory previously reported that the Yaeyama District of Okinawa, Japan was highly endemic for HBV infection, 8 and that the number of newly infected residents has decreased there, as estimated in our long-term study. 9 In another Okinawa study, we found that the rate and age of seroconversion from hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) to antibody to HBeAg (anti-HBe) were higher and younger in cases with the HBsAg subtype adw than in those with subytpe adr, suggesting that the HBsAg subtype may be closely associated with the HBeAg/anti-HBe status.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis B surface antigen disappearance and hepatitis B surface antigen subtype: a prospective, long-term, follow-up study of Japanese residents of Okinawa, Japan with chronic hepatitis B virus infection.

Furusyo¹,

Hayashi²,

Sawayama³

et al. 1999

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…If adw has been recognized to be wide spread in North, West and Central Europe and in North and South America [1,15,18,22,23,27,31,32] it is adw2 which is the prevalent subtype in these parts of Europe, as it is in the Antilles and probably also in North America as shown by Shorey and Fitzgibbons [34] with their g determinant also named x [10], This prevalence is not the rule in South America where adw4 is more often encountered than adw2 in some coun tries, as shown here in Argentina and as found in Chile by Castdio et al [4] where 100% of the 82 subtyped sera were adw4. It is quite interesting to have also localized this adw4 subtype in the Marquesas in French Polynesia, the closest archipelagos to the South-West coast of America, from where natives of Marquesas seem to have migrated.…”

Section: Interest Of the Determination Of More Than 4 Hb Ag Subtypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of HB(s)Ag Subtypes in the World

Couroucé-Pauty¹,

Plançon²,

Soulier³

1983

Vox Sanguinis

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HB(s)Ag subtyping was performed in 5,337 sera from chronic carriers who originated from 54 different countries of the 5 continents. Nine subtypes were defined: ayw(1), ayw(2), ayw(3), ayw(4), ayr, adw(2), adw(4), adr q- and adr q+. The repartition of these subtypes, according to the country of origin of the carriers, enhances the previous results and supplies new data: ayw(1) is prevalent only in Vietnam (51%); ayw(2) in Mediterranean countries (73%); ayw(3) in Greece and Yugoslavia (54%) along with ayw(2) (41%); ayw(4) in West Africa (82%) and Central Africa (42%) along with ayw2; ayr was only found in Vietnam (3.4%); adw(2) is prevalent in North and Central Europe (70%), East and South Africa (95%), India (55%), along with ayw(3) (35%) in northern South America (74%), and in the Antilles (82%); adw(4) is widespread in French Polynesia (45%) - with a 100% frequency in the Marquesas archipelago - as well as in Argentina (42%); adr q- was found only in Oceania: French Polynesia (34%) with a 69% frequency in the Australes, New Caledonia (3 out of 3 HB(s)Ag carriers); adr q+ is the prevalent subtype in South-East Asia if we exclude Vietnam (61%). These results show that a precise geographical distribution of HB(s)Ag subtypes needs more than ‘four main subtypes’ generally used. Enlarging from 4 subtypes to 9 is a requirement for valuable epidemiologic studies, as well as for the specification of anti-HB(s) antibodies produced by hybrids or induced by synthetic peptide. The geographical distribution of these 9 HB(s)Ag subtypes and the serological relationship between some determinants suggest a genetic recombination of viral DNA.

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“…2 Our laboratory previously reported that the Yaeyama district of Okinawa, Japan was highly endemic for HBV infection, [3][4][5] and that the number of newly infected residents has decreased there, as documented in our long-term study. 6,7 The HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) subtypes show distinct geographic distributions, 8 and previous reports strongly suggest HBV transmission within families or by close contact with members. 3,9 We have also demonstrated that the rates and ages of seroconversion from hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) to antibody to HBeAg (anti-HBe) were higher and younger in people with HBsAg subtype adw than in those with adr, suggesting that the HBsAg subtype may be closely associated with the HBeAg/anti-HBe status.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical outcomes of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes B and C in Japanese patients with chronic HBV infection.

Furusyo¹,

Nakashima²,

Kashiwagi³

et al. 2002

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. The aims of this retrospective survey were to determine the epidemiologic distribution of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes and analyze the genotype-related clinical differences among Japanese patients with chronic HBV infection. The 158 surveyed patients with chronic HBV infection lived in Fukuoka and Okinawa were serially tested for serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg). Follow-up was for a period of 10.8 ± 6.4 years (mean ± SD). The HBV genotypes were determined in sera by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and detection of HBV DNA in serum was done by the transcription-mediated amplification−hybridization protection assay. Genotypes B and C were found in 58 (36.7%) and 100 (63.3%) of the patients, respectively. Genotype B was predominant in Okinawa (B ‫ס‬ 86.9%, C ‫ס‬ 13.1%), whereas genotype C was predominant in Fukuoka (B ‫ס‬ 5.2%, C ‫ס‬ 94.8%). The HBeAg positivity and ALT abnormality rates at the start of the observation period were significantly higher in patients with genotype C (66.0% and 84.0%) than in patients with genotype B (34.5% and 22.4%) (P < 0.05, respectively). The annual rate of spontaneous HBeAg disappearance in patients with genotype B was much higher than in patients with genotype C (8.38% versus 2.34%, respectively). Patients with genotype C who were continuously HBeAg negative from entry had a significantly higher ALT abnormality (58.8%) than those with genotype B (19.2%) (P < 0.05). Interestingly, patients with genotype C who became HBeAg negative after treatment with interferon had a high ALT abnormality (58.8%). All patients with an ALT abnormality were positive for HBV DNA in their serum. These findings indicate that patients with HBV genotype C have more severe liver deterioration because of the delay of HBeAg disappearance and continued HBV replication after HBeAg disappearance.

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Hepatitis B Antigen: Regional Variation in Incidence and Subtype Ratio in the American Red Cross Donor Population1

Cited by 67 publications

References 0 publications

Hepatitis B surface antigen disappearance and hepatitis B surface antigen subtype: a prospective, long-term, follow-up study of Japanese residents of Okinawa, Japan with chronic hepatitis B virus infection.

Hepatitis B surface antigen disappearance and hepatitis B surface antigen subtype: a prospective, long-term, follow-up study of Japanese residents of Okinawa, Japan with chronic hepatitis B virus infection.

Distribution of HB(s)Ag Subtypes in the World

Clinical outcomes of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes B and C in Japanese patients with chronic HBV infection.

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