Herd immunity and herd protection

Including males in Canadian human papillomavirus vaccination programs: a policy analysis

“…16,38 Indeed, a 2015 systematic review and meta-analysis of population-level effects in highincome countries found that female vaccination has led to reductions in anogenital warts in males, supporting the idea of herd immunity. 39 However, as discussed below, there are some important limitations to reliance on female immunity.…”

How to understand the efficacy measurements for enterovirus type 71 vaccine?

“…38 If a high percentage of a population was immune to an infection, the spread of the infection may be prevented. In that case, participants neither in vaccine group nor in placebo group could be exposed to EV71.…”

Compassion and Compensation for Polio Cases

“…Un-vaccinated child 1 of vaccine polioviruses, and provide herd immunity. Now it is known that this benefit occurs on negligible scale only because of low infectivity of vaccine viruses and their small number in fecal matter, about 100 vaccine viruses are found in 1 gm of stool [2].…”