HERMESv3, a stand-alone multiscale atmospheric emission
modelling framework – Part 2: bottom-up module

Guevara, Marc; Tena, Carles; Porquet, Manuel; Jorba, Oriol; García‐Pando, Carlos Pérez

doi:10.5194/gmd-2019-295

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…To show the influence of non-exhaust emissions, simulation 1 ignores non-exhaust emissions. Simulations 2 employs the BC wear emission factors indicated in the EMEP guidelines, also used in the HERMES model (Guevara et al, 2019;Ntziachristos and Boulter, 2016). TSP tyre wear emission factors from HDV vehicles EF tsp hdv,ty are deduced from Equations 14, considering a load factor LF equals to 1.0, and a number of axles N axle equals to 2.0.…”

Section: The Simulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Black carbon modelling in urban areas: investigating the influence of resuspension and non-exhaust emissions in streets using the Street-in-Grid (SinG) model

Lugon

Vigneron

Debert

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Abstract. Black carbon (BC) is a primary and inert pollutant often used as a traffic tracer. Even though its concentrations are generally low at regional scale, BC presents very high concentrations in streets (local scale), potentially causing important effects on human health and environment. modelling studies of BC concentrations usually underestimate BC concentrations, because of uncertainties in both emissions and modelling. Both exhaust and non-exhaust traffic emissions present uncertainties, but those on non-exhaust emissions, such as tyre, brake and road wear and particle resuspension, are particularly high. In terms of modelling, the street models do not always consider the two-way interactions between the local and regional scales, i.e. the influence of the high BC concentrations observed in streets on the urban background concentrations, which can enhance the BC concentrations in streets. This study uses the multi-scale Street-in-Grid model (SinG) to simulate BC concentrations in a Paris suburb street-network, taking into account the two-way coupling between local and regional scales. The BC concentrations in streets proved to have an important influence on urban background concentrations. The two-way dynamic coupling leads to an increase in BC concentrations in large streets with high traffic emissions (with a maximal increase of about 48 %), and a decrease in narrow streets with low traffic emissions and low BC concentrations (with a maximal decrease of about 50 %). A new approach to estimate particle resuspension in streets is implemented, strictly respecting the mass balance on the street surface. The resuspension rate is calculated from the available deposited mass on the street surface, which is estimated based on a particle deposition and wash-off parametrizations adapted to street-canyon geometries. The simulations show that particle resuspension presents a low contribution to black carbon concentrations, as the deposited mass is not significant enough to justify high resuspension rates. Non-exhaust emission, such as brake and tyre and road wear, largely contribute to BC emissions, with a contribution equivalent to exhaust emissions. Here, emission factors of tyre, brake and road wear are calculated based on the literature, and a sensitivity analysis of these emission factors on BC concentrations in streets is performed. The model to measurement comparison shows that tyre-emission factors usually used in Europe are probably under-estimated, and tyre-emission factors coherent with some studies of the literature and the comparison performed here are proposed.

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Section: The Simulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Black carbon modelling in urban areas: investigating the influence of resuspension and non-exhaust emissions in streets using the Street-in-Grid (SinG) model

Lugon

Vigneron

Debert

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…In the EMEP/EEA air pollutant inventory guidebook (EEA, 2019c) the emission factor for the calculation of ammonia emissions for pig slurry application to soil (0.45) is much higher than for N fertiliser (average 0.05). North-eastern Spain is a hotspot of NH 3 (Guevara et al, 2019) since this area gathers more than 15 million head of pigs (MAPA, 2020) comprising the 8% of total European pig livestock population (FAO, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gaseous nitrogen losses from pig slurry fertilisation: can they be reduced with additives in a wheat crop?

Mateo‐Marín

Climente

Quı́lez

2021

Span. j. agric. res.

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Aim of the study: The use of pig slurry as fertiliser is associated with gaseous nitrogen (N) losses, especially ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O), leading to environmental problems and a reduction of its fertiliser value. This study evaluates, in an irrigated wheat crop, the effect of different additives mixed with pig slurry to decrease NH3 and N2O losses.Area of study: Middle Ebro valley, SpainMaterials and methods: The treatments were: i) non-N-fertilised control, ii) pig slurry (PS), iii) pig slurry with the urease inhibitor monocarbamide dihydrogen sulphate (PS-UI), iv) pig slurry with a microbial activator in development (PS-A), and v) pig slurry with the nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (PS-NI). Pig slurry was applied at a target rate of 120 kg NH4+-N ha-1. Ammonia volatilisation was measured using semi-opened static chambers after treatments application at presowing 2016 and side-dressing 2017. Nitrous oxide emissions were measured using static closed chambers after treatments application at the 2017 and 2018 side-dressing.Main results: Ammonia volatilisation was estimated to be 7-9% and 19-23% of NH4+-N applied after presowing and side-dressing applications, respectively. Additives were not able to reduce NH3 emissions in any application moment. PS-NI was the only treatment being effective in reducing N2O emissions, 70% respect to those in PS treatment. Crop yield parameters were not affected by the application of the additives because of the no effect of additives controlling NH3 losses and the low contribution of N2O losses to the N balance (<1 kg N2O-N ha-1).Research highlights: The use of 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate would be recommended from an environmental perspective, although without grain yield benefits.

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“…We use CALIOPE-Urban as described in Chapter 2. Both CALIOPE, which provides the background concentrations, and HERMESv3 [Guevara et al, 2019b], which estimates the anthropogenic emissions, calculate EC instead of BC. We assume that EC can be considered BC following EEA [2018], which concludes that EC and BC are not distinguishable for road transport emissions due to the uncertainty on the estimation methodologies.…”

Section: Caliope-urban Configurationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Horly and link-level vehicle emissions required by R-LINE are estimated using the bottom-up traffic emission module from HERMESv3 [Guevara et al, 2019b]. HERMESv3 estimates vehicle-dependent hot and cold road transport emissions using the tier 3 method described in the 2016 EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook [EEA, 2018], which is fully incorporated in the COPERT 5 software.…”

Section: Road Transport Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Road traffic emissions are estimated using the bottom-up traffic emission module from HERMESv3 [Guevara et al, 2019b] for the IP-4km and CAT-1km mesoscale domains as well as for the BCN-20m urban domain, which allows maintaining a consistency between the different scales. Estimated hourly link-level vehicle emissions are mapped onto the gridded mesoscale domains (IP-4km and CAT-1km) and adapted to the requirements of R-LINE using spatial operations and writing functions implemented within HERMESv3.…”

Section: Road Traffic Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development and evaluation of a street-scale air quality modelling system for the city of Barcelona

Benavides¹

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Air pollution is known to cause detrimental health effects in cities and specially on the most vulnerable population. Having access to reliable air pollutant concentration data at street-level in urban areas can be crucial to mitigate the problem. In this thesis a street-scale air quality modelling system for the city of Barcelona (Spain) has been developed, evaluated and applied to an impact study. Aiming to produce more accurate air pollutant concentrations at street-level, we coupled a mesoscale air quality modelling system (CALIOPE) with an urban dispersion model (R-LINE). The developed modelling system, CALIOPE-Urban, incorporates novel methodologies to combine regional- to street-scale models. We faced two main methodological challenges in this thesis. First, the Gaussian dispersion model R-LINE was initially developed for open roads while Barcelona is a very built-up city, where diverse geometrical patterns cohabit. In order to apply R-LINE over Barcelona its meteorology has been adapted to street canyons. Second, the mesoscale meteorology and chemistry outputs of CALIOPE had to be adapted to drive pollutant dispersion and provide background concentrations to R-LINE, respectively. As a consequence, we developed a new methodology to calculate background concentrations at roof-top level and a vertical mixing parametrization to combine them with street-level freshly emitted pollutants. The vertical mixing parametrization considers urban geometry and atmospheric stability to calculate surface level background concentrations. In order to estimate turbulent parameters within a street canyon we built a new method to estimate local surface roughness specific for each street. In the first evaluation, we aimed to give a more accurate representation of NO2 spatio-temporal variability across Barcelona city with CALIOPE-Urban than with the mesoscale system alone. The temporal variability has been evaluated using measurements from five traffic sites and one urban background site for April-May 2013 and we have found that CALIOPE-Urban gives a better agreement in traffic sites. The evaluation of the spatial variability has been carried out using 182 passive dosimeters that were distributed across Barcelona during two weeks for February-March 2017. CALIOPE-Urban has also shown a more realistic distribution than the mesoscale system. In the second evaluation, we have evaluated CALIOPE-Urban results using measurements of horizontal and vertical BC concentration profiles from an experimental campaign from 2016 and 2017. At the horizontal profiles, we have found that the model reproduces the profile shape well and a pronounced fall-off within the initial 5-10 m, which is steeper in the observations. The model has generally reproduced the homogeneity of the vertical observed profile well. We have identified that our methodology to estimate vertical mixing gives a better performance in street canyons than in open roads. In the application, CALIOPE-Urban at 20 m horizontal resolution has been used to study the impact of excess diesel light duty vehicles (LDV) NOx emisson air quality in Barcelona city in comparison with CALIOPE at 4 km and 1 km resolutions. Results have shown that NOx traffic emissions in Barcelona city would decrease about a 30% if diesel LDV would comply with the EU legal limits. As a consequence, NO2 concentrations at street-level would be reduced about about 14% using CALIOPE 4 km, 17% using CALIOPE 1km, and 20% using CALIOPE-Urban. In summary, the works carried out in this thesis produced very valuable results for a better understanding of street-level air pollution dynamics in Barcelona city. The application of a street-scale model like CALIOPE-Urban provides better estimates of the impact of specific emission scenarios on the air quality of the city. The methodology of CALIOPE-Urban may be replicated for other cities in the future if the required input data is available. La contaminación del aire causa efectos perjudiciales para la salud en las ciudades y especialmente en los sectores de la población más vulnerables. Para mitigar este problema, es importante tener acceso a datos fiables de concentración de contaminantes en el aire a nivel de calle en zonas urbanas. En esta tesis hemos desarrollado, evaluado y aplicado un sistema de modelización de calidad del aire a escala de calle para la ciudad de Barcelona (España). Para ello, hemos acoplado un sistema de modelización regional de calidad del aire (CALIOPE) con un modelo de dispersión de contaminantes del tráfico rodado (R-LINE). Esta tesis nos ha presentado dos desafíos metodológicos principales. Primero, el modelo de dispersión gaussiano R-LINE se desarrolló inicialmente para zonas abiertas, mientras que Barcelona es una ciudad muy urbanizada, donde conviven calles con diversos patrones geométricos. Para aplicar R-LINE sobre Barcelona, su meteorología se ha adaptado a calles con edificios a ambos lados (tipo cañón urbano). En segundo lugar, hemos adaptado las salidas meteorológicas y químicas del sistema CALIOPE para facilitar la dispersión de contaminantes y proporcionar concentraciones de fondo a nivel de calle en R-LINE. Con ese objetivo, hemos desarrollado una nueva metodología para calcular las concentraciones de fondo por encima de los edificios y una parametrización de la mezcla atmosférica vertical para combinarlas con contaminantes recién emitidos a nivel de calle. En la primera evaluación, nuestro objetivo ha sido proporcionar una representación más precisa de la variabilidad espacio-temporal de NO2 en toda la ciudad de Barcelona con CALIOPE-Urban que con el sistema regional CALIOPE. La variabilidad temporal se ha evaluado utilizando mediciones realizadas en cinco zonas urbanas expuestas a tráfico y en una zona de fondo urbano en Abril-Mayo de 2013. Hemos hallado que CALIOPE-Urban ofrece una mayor precisión cerca del tráfico. Para la evaluación de la variabilidad espacial hemos utilizado las medidas de 182 dosímetros pasivos distribuidos por Barcelona en Febrero-Marzo de 2017. CALIOPE-Urban ha mostrado una distribución más realista que el sistema regional también comparando sus resultados con estas observaciones. En la segunda evaluación, hemos evaluado CALIOPE-Urban utilizando mediciones de perfiles horizontales y verticales de concentración de Carbono Negro (CN) obtenidos durante una campaña experimental en Barcelona. El nuevo conjunto de medidas contiene 29 perfiles de dispersión horizontales de CN y 4 perfiles verticales de CN medidos en entornos urbanos heterogéneos en 2016 y 2017. En los perfiles horizontales, hemos averiguado que el modelo reproduce bien la forma del perfil y la caída pronunciada en los 5-10 m iniciales, aunque esta caída es más pronunciada en las observaciones. El modelo generalmente ha reproducido bien la homogeneidad del perfil vertical observado. Hemos identificado que nuestra metodología para estimar la mezcla atmosférica vertical ofrece un mejor rendimiento en los cañones urbanos que en las zonas abiertas. En la aplicación, hemos utilizado CALIOPE-Urban a 20 m de resolución horizontal para estudiar el impacto del exceso de emisiones de NOx de turismos y furgonetas diésel en el aire de la ciudad de Barcelona en comparación con CALIOPE a 4 km y 1 km de resolución horizontal. Los resultados han demostrado que las emisiones de tráfico de NOx en la ciudad de Barcelona disminuirían aproximadamente un 30 % si los turismos y furgonetas diésel cumplieran con los límites legales de la UE. Como consecuencia, hemos descubierto que las concentraciones de NO2 a nivel de calle se reducirían en aproximadamente un 14 % usando CALIOPE 4 km, un 17 % usando CALIOPE 1km y un 20 % usando CALIOPE-Urban.

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HERMESv3, a stand-alone multiscale atmospheric emission modelling framework – Part 2: bottom-up module

Cited by 4 publications

References 37 publications

Black carbon modelling in urban areas: investigating the influence of resuspension and non-exhaust emissions in streets using the Street-in-Grid (SinG) model

Black carbon modelling in urban areas: investigating the influence of resuspension and non-exhaust emissions in streets using the Street-in-Grid (SinG) model

Gaseous nitrogen losses from pig slurry fertilisation: can they be reduced with additives in a wheat crop?

Development and evaluation of a street-scale air quality modelling system for the city of Barcelona

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