Herpes Simplex Virus Meningitis in Children in South East of Caspian Sea, Iran

Abstract

Background:Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a member of Herpesviridae and a leading cause of human viral diseases. Meningitis occurs as a complication of HSV-1 or HSV-2 primary infection.Objectives:We aimed to evaluate HSV meningitis in children in Gorgan province, Iran.Patients and Methods:Forty-five cerebrospinal fluid samples were taken from children referred with meningitis symptoms. Samples with negative bacterial culture results were tested for viral, biochemical and cytological assays. DNA extraction and PCR were performed.Results:HSV-1 detected in 4 (8.8%) samples without any HSV-2 infections. Cases with positive results had fever and CSF pleocytosis. Vomiting, headache and higher count of WBC were observed in 3, 2 and 3 cases respectively. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) glucose and protein levels were normal and 3 cases showed positive C-reactive protein (CRP) results. Also erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was higher than normal in all positive cases.Conclusions:Distribution of HSV types in children with meningitis in our area predominantly was type 1 compared with type 2, which has been reported more in other area.

Features of the course of serious meningites of herpetic ethiology

“…Серед збудників серозних менінгітів доміну ють ентеровіруси -до 61%. Крім того частими є: герпесвіруси (до 7%), вірус кліщового енцефалі ту (до 6%), борелії (до 10%), ієрсинії (до 2%) та мікобактерії туберкульозу (біля 1%) [7].…”

“…Хоча є і відмінності: у 50% пацієнтів відмічені негативні симптоми Керніга та Брудзинського. У 50% виявлено висип [7]. Лабораторно рівень білка та глюкози у спинномозковій рідині (СМР) при вірусних менінгітах істотно не відрізняється від нор мальних показників [6].…”

“…Лабораторно рівень білка та глюкози у спинномозковій рідині (СМР) при вірусних менінгітах істотно не відрізняється від нор мальних показників [6]. Рівень білка в СМР знаходиться у межах норми у 25% хворих [7].…”

Immune response of T cells during herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection

“…Although the functions of host innate immunity such as type I IFN and innate immune cell activity are need to suppress HSV-1 replication and infection, the generation of both CD8 + and CD4 + T cells is ultimately required to inhibit viral infection, drive HSV-1 into latency, and repress reactivation. This review will summarize and discuss current findings of the T cell immune Zendri et al, 2005;Faron et al, 2016Genital herpes Nieuwenhuis et al, 2006Khoury-Hanold et al, 2016 Ocular Herpes simplex keratitis (HSK) Burrel et al, 2013;Tsatsos et al, 2016Uveitis Krichevskaia et al, 2005van Velzen et al, 2013 Acute retinal necrosis Mora et al, 2009;Fong et al, 2014 Orolabial Cold sores Richardson et al, 2013;Chi et al, 2015Oral ulcers Sepulveda et al, 2005Nicolatou-Galitis et al, 2006 CNS Encephalitis Bradshaw andVenkatesan, 2016;Eriksson et al, 2016Meningitis Eisenstein et al, 2004Azadfar et al, 2014Alzheimer's disease Beffert et al, 1998Itzhaki et al, 1998 Fig. 1 Genome information and life cycle of HSV-1 (a) Structure of the HSV-1 DNA.…”

Impact of Human Enterovirus 71 Genotypes in Meningoencephalitis in Iran

“…Poliovirus is gradually diminishing in importance, as a result of the elimination of its wild-type in the majority of countries ( 1 - 5 ). Although herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2, as well as HSV 6, are well-known in viral meningitis, the emergence of enterovirus 71 (EV71) as a viral cause of neurological diseases, such as encephalitis and hand-foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Eastern Europe, Malaysia, Taiwan, Japan, Australia, and Singapore, has drawn attention to non-polio enteroviruses ( 2 - 15 ). It is known that EVs are the major cause of aseptic meningitis ( 13 - 15 ), and have been detected at rates of 46.2 and 52.63% in various studies of children with viral meningitis in Iran ( 15 - 20 ).…”