Herpes Simplex Virus Types 1 and 2 Differ in Their Interaction with Heparan Sulfate

Trybala, Edward; Liljeqvist, Jan‐Åke; Svennerholm, Bo; Bergström, Tomas

doi:10.1128/jvi.74.19.9106-9114.2000

Cited by 120 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…The HSV-2 glycoproteins gB and gC were isolated as previously described 25) and extracellular methyl-[ 3 H]-thymidine labeled HSV virions were purified by centrifugation through a three-step discontinuous sucrose gradient as previously described. 25,26) The specific activity obtained was 3.83ϫ10…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Anti-HSV-2 Activity of Gallic Acid and Pentyl Gallate

Kratz

Andrighetti-Fröhner

Leal

et al. 2008

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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128

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Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a DNA-containing enveloped virus that causes common viral infections in humans worldwide leading to a variety of diseases. HSV-1 and HSV-2 can be distinguished on the basis of clinical manifestations (the former is more frequently associated with oral cold sores, while the later causes genital ulcers) and biochemical and serological examinations. In most cases, HSV infection is usually benign or asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals; however, in patients with an immature or compromised immune system, the infection can be serious and sometimes life-threatening. 1,2) Several nucleoside analogues have been approved for clinical use. Among those, acyclovir is widely used for the systemic treatment of HSV infections. It is a highly selective antiviral agent because it is specifically phosphorylated by viral thymidine kinase in infected cells. However, acyclovir-resistant HSV infection in immunocompromised patients such as transplanted patients and patients with AIDS has recently been observed. Therefore, it is desirable to develop new anti-HSV agents in order to substitute or complement the antiviral drugs available. 3,4)The synthetic n-alkyl esters of gallic acid (GA), also known as gallates, especially propyl, octyl and dodecyl gallates, are widely employed as antioxidants by food and pharmaceutical industries. 5,6) Besides the antioxidant activity, other biological activities have been described for this group of molecules, mainly anticancer, 7-10) antibacterial and antifungal properties. [11][12][13][14][15][16] There are few reports about the antiviral activity of these compounds. In 1988, the potent inhibition of HSV-1 and HSV-2 by methyl gallate was described. 17) In 2000, as part of the screening of phenolic compounds against HIV-1 integrase, gallic acid was found to be active. 18)More recently, the anti-HSV activity of several gallates was described by our research group, which proposed various structure-activity relationships regarding the antiviral, antioxidant and genotoxic effects.19) Furthermore, the pronounced anti-HSV-1 activity of octyl gallate, and its inhibitory effect against RNA viruses were also recently described. 20,21) In the present study, the anti-HSV-2 activity of gallic acid and pentyl gallate was evaluated followed by the determination of the site of antiviral activity of these compounds. MATERIALS AND METHODSCompounds GA and pentyl gallate (PG) (Fig. 1) were synthesized as previously described.19) The compounds (50 mM) were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide, stored at Ϫ20°C protected from light, and further diluted in culture medium prior to use.Cells and Virus African green monkey kidney cells (GMK AH1) were grown in Eagle's minimum essential medium (EMEM, Gibco BRL, Grand Island, NY, U.S.A.) supplemented with 2% fetal calf serum (FSC), 0.05% primaton substance (Kraft Inc., Norwich, CT, U.S.A.), 100 U/ml Göteborg, Sweden. Received November 23, 2007; accepted February 5, 2008; published online February 20, 2008 The synthetic n-alkyl esters of galli...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Anti-HSV-2 Activity of Gallic Acid and Pentyl Gallate

Kratz

Andrighetti-Fröhner

Leal

et al. 2008

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

Self Cite

128

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“…Soluble heparin and appropriate forms of heparan sulfate can inhibit HSV-1 infection, and virus can be shown to bind to heparin (4,10). Both gB and gC extracted from virions and soluble forms of gB and gC bind to heparin or heparan sulfate or both (2,(11)(12)(13). Soluble forms of gC have been shown to inhibit virus binding to cells (11,14).…”

Section: Heparan Sulfate As the Initial Receptor For The Binding Of Hmentioning

confidence: 99%

Herpesviruses and heparan sulfate: an intimate relationship in aid of viral entry

Shukla

Spear²

2001

J. Clin. Invest.

311

329

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“…HSV-1 entry is a stepwise process, which starts when HSV-1 envelope glycoproteins gB and gC attach to cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) (Herold et al, 1991;Nicola et al, 2003;Trybala et al, 2000). This initial interaction enables HSV-1 glycoprotein D (gD) to bind to one of the known gD entry co-receptors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Syndecan-1 and syndecan-2 play key roles in herpes simplex virus type-1 infection

Bacsa

Karasneh

Dósa

et al. 2010

Journal of General Virology

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Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is an important human pathogen and a leading cause of infectious blindness in the developed world. HSV-1 exploits heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) for attachment to cells. While the significance of heparan sulphate (HS) moieties in HSV-1 infection is well established, the role of specific proteoglycan core proteins in the infection process remains poorly understood. The objective of this study was to assess the roles of syndecan-1 and syndecan-2 core proteins in HSV-1 infection, both of which are expressed by many HSV-1 target cell types. Our results demonstrate that syndecan-1 and syndecan-2 gene silencing by RNA interference reduces HSV-1 entry, plaque formation and facilitates cell survival. Furthermore, HSV-1 infection increases syndecan-1 and syndecan-2 protein synthesis and a resultant increase in cell surface expression of HS. Our observations suggest that changes in syndecan-1 and syndecan-2 expression levels may be related to active viral infection. Taken together, our findings provide new insights into HSPG functions during HSV-1 entry and spread. INTRODUCTIONHerpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a clinically important pathogen and a leading cause of infectious blindness in the developed world. HSV-1 productively infects epithelial cells and establishes latent infection in sensory ganglia for the life of the host (Kumaraguru & Rouse, 2002;Terasaka et al., 2010). Currently, no cure exists against HSV-1, which can be transmitted via asymptomatic shedding by latently infected individuals (Hill & Clement, 2009). Prevention of virus transmission to uninfected people is a real challenge compounded by our limited understanding of HSV-1-host cell interactions including virus entry, which is the first essential step for the establishment of an acute and/or latent infection.Enveloped viruses including HSV-1 penetrate host cells by inducing fusion between the virus envelope and the host cell membrane. HSV-1 entry is a stepwise process, which starts when HSV-1 envelope glycoproteins gB and gC attach to cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) (Herold et al., 1991;Nicola et al., 2003;Trybala et al., 2000). This initial interaction enables HSV-1 glycoprotein D (gD) to bind to one of the known gD entry co-receptors. There are three classes of gD co-receptors that have been characterized: nectin-1 (HveC) and nectin-2 (HveB), which are both members of the immunoglobulin superfamily (Geraghty et al., 1998), herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM) that belongs to the tumour necrosis factor receptor family (Montgomery et al., 1996), and 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate (3-OS HS) which is a specifically modified form of heparan sulfate (HS) (Shukla et al., 1999b; O'Donnell et al., 2010). The binding of gD to one of its receptors leads to conformational changes in gD that allows it to activate a multiglycoprotein complex involving gB, gD, gH and gL that triggers the viral fusion with the host cell membrane (Atanasiu et al., 2007;Spear et al., 2000). This fusion mechanism is utilized...

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Herpes Simplex Virus Types 1 and 2 Differ in Their Interaction with Heparan Sulfate

Cited by 120 publications

References 53 publications

Evaluation of Anti-HSV-2 Activity of Gallic Acid and Pentyl Gallate

Evaluation of Anti-HSV-2 Activity of Gallic Acid and Pentyl Gallate

Herpesviruses and heparan sulfate: an intimate relationship in aid of viral entry

Syndecan-1 and syndecan-2 play key roles in herpes simplex virus type-1 infection

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