Heterodera glycines: eggshell ultrastructure and histochemical localization of chitinous components

Burgwyn, B.; Nagel, B.A.; Ryerse, Jan S.; Bolla, R. I.

doi:10.1016/s0014-4894(03)00118-8

Cited by 13 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The most successful nematode parasites have sedentary female stages that establish feeding cells in their hosts to support their development; they become saccate and produce 100-1,000 eggs per female (Kerry 2000). The complexity, resistance, and variability of the eggs are adaptations that protect the embryo-larvae from the environment and the action of chemical and biological nematicides (Wharton 1980;Mansfield et al 1992;Burgwyn et al 2003). The nematode egg is an important stage of the parasite's life cycle both from the perspective of development of the parasite and as a potential target for control strategies (Mansfield et al 1992).…”

Section: Nematodes Life Cycle and Egg Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The nematode egg is an important stage of the parasite's life cycle both from the perspective of development of the parasite and as a potential target for control strategies (Mansfield et al 1992). During development, the nematode eggshell becomes a rigid, semi-impermeable structure that protects the embryo until it hatches (Burgwyn et al 2003). This suggests structural differences between the eggs of the first stages of embryogenesis and those which have reached maturity.…”

Section: Nematodes Life Cycle and Egg Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…This suggests structural differences between the eggs of the first stages of embryogenesis and those which have reached maturity. These developmental changes provide potential manners to interrupt the biological cycle of the parasite either through chemical or biological control (Veronico et al 2001;Burgwyn et al 2003;Chen and Chen 2003).…”

Section: Nematodes Life Cycle and Egg Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The knowledge of its structure is essential to address new control strategies towards the interruption of the development or hatching (Mansfield et al 1992;Burgwyn et al 2003). The eggshell, one to five layers depending on the taxonomic order, is composed basically of three layers secreted by the embryo (Wharton 1980;Lýsek et al 1985;Burgwyn et al 2003). These include an inner lipid layer, a middle chitinous layer, and an outer vitelline layer.…”

Section: Nematodes Life Cycle and Egg Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

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Fungal chitinases and their biological role in the antagonism onto nematode eggs. A review

Gortari

Hours

2008

Mycol Progress

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Chitin, the most abundant aminopolysaccharide in nature, is a rigid and resistant structural component that contributes to the mechanical strength of chitin-containing organisms. Chemically, it is a linear cationic heteropolysaccharide composed of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and Dglucosamine units. The enzymatic degradation of chitin is performed by a chitinolytic system with synergistic and consecutive action. Diverse organisms (containing chitin or not) produce a great variety of chitinolytic enzymes with different specificities and catalytic properties. Their physiological roles involve nutrition, parasitism, chitin recycling, morphogenesis, and/or defense. Microorganisms, as the main environmental chitin degraders, constitute a very important natural source of chitinolytic enzymes. Nowadays, the most used method for pest and plant diseases control is the utilization of chemical agents, causative of significant environmental pollution. Social concern has generated the search for alternative control systems (i.e., biological control), which contribute to the generation of sustainable agricultural development. Interactions among the different organisms are the natural bases of biological control. Interest in chitinolytic enzymes in the field of biological control has arisen due to their possible involvement in antagonistic activity against pathogenic chitin-containing organisms. The absence of chitin in plants and vertebrate animals allows the consideration of safe and selective "target" molecules for control of chitin-containing pathogenic organisms. Fungi show appropriate characteristics as potential biological control agents of insects, fungi, and nematodes due to the production of fungal enzymes with antagonistic action. The antagonistic interactions between fungi and plant nematode parasites are among the most studied experimental models because of the high economic relevance. Fungi which target nematodes are known as nematophagous fungi. The nematode egg is the only structural element where the presence of chitin has been demonstrated. In spite of being one of the most resistant biological structures, eggs are susceptible to being attacked by egg-parasitic fungi. A combination of physical and chemical phenomena result in their complete destruction. The contribution of fungal chitinases to the in vitro rupture of the eggshell confirms their role as a pathogenic factor. Chitinases have been produced by traditional fermentation methods, which have been improved by optimizing the culture conditions for industrial processes. Although wild-type microorganisms constitute an alternative source of chitinolytic enzymes, the advances in molecular biology are allowing the genetic transformation of fungi to obtain strains with high capability as biocontrol agents. Simultaneously, a better understanding of rhizosphere interactions, additional to the discovery of new molecular biology tools, will allow the choosing of better alternatives for the biological control of nematodes in order to achieve an integrated management of t...

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Section: Nematodes Life Cycle and Egg Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nematodes Life Cycle and Egg Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nematodes Life Cycle and Egg Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nematodes Life Cycle and Egg Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Fungal chitinases and their biological role in the antagonism onto nematode eggs. A review

Gortari

Hours

2008

Mycol Progress

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“…The inner layer contains lipids and proteolipids and is called the lipid-rich layer (LrL). In some species, for example Heterodera sp., the LrL is further divided into multiple sublayers and the CL appears bilamellate, although the latter conclusion has been challenged (Burgwyn et al, 2003;Perry and Trett, 1986). In addition to these three layers, additional outer layers deposited by somatic cells surrounding the zygote have been reported in the pig parasite Ascaris lumbricoides and the plant parasite Xiphinema diversicaudatum (BleveZacheo et al, 1993;Foor, 1967).…”

Section: Eggshell Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

The eggshell in the C. elegans oocyte‐to‐embryo transition

Johnston

Dennis

2011

Genesis

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Summary: In egg-laying animals, embryonic development takes place within the highly specialized environment provided by the eggshell and its underlying extracellular matrix. Far from being simply a passive physical support, the eggshell is a key player in many early developmental events. Herein, we review current understanding of eggshell structure, biosynthesis, and function in zygotic development of the nematode, C. elegans. Beginning at sperm contact or entry, eggshell layers are produced sequentially. The earlier outer layers are required for secretion or organization of inner layers, and layers differ in composition and function. Developmental events that depend on the eggshell include polyspermy barrier generation, high fidelity meiotic chromosome segregation, osmotic barrier synthesis, polar body extrusion, anterior-posterior polarization, and organization of membrane and cortical proteins. The C. elegans eggshell is proving to be an excellent, tractable system to study the molecular cues of the extracellular matrix that instruct cell polarity and early development. genesis 50:333-349, 2012. V V C 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Nematode Chitin and Application

Chen

Peng

2019

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

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Heterodera glycines: eggshell ultrastructure and histochemical localization of chitinous components

Cited by 13 publications

References 13 publications

Fungal chitinases and their biological role in the antagonism onto nematode eggs. A review

Fungal chitinases and their biological role in the antagonism onto nematode eggs. A review

The eggshell in the C. elegans oocyte‐to‐embryo transition

Nematode Chitin and Application

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