Heterogeneous acidic TiO2 nanoparticles for efficient conversion of biomass derived carbohydrates

Conversion of carbohydrates to methyl levulinate catalyzed by sulfated montmorillonite

“…The n-SO 4 2− /MMT contained a certain amount of sulfate groups which promoted the number of Brønsted acidic sites [25]. Therefore, the higher catalytic activity of n-SO 4 2 − /MMT is attributed to in situ sulfation on the MMT surface [2].…”

“…Among these resources, biomass attracts enormous attention due to its considerable potential as a raw material for the production of green fine chemicals, fuels and fuel additives [2,3]. In 2004, the US-Department of Energy (DoE) identified 12 kinds of valuable chemicals obtainable via the transformation of biomass [4].…”

Production and catalytic transformation of levulinic acid: A platform for speciality chemicals and fuels

“…To maximize the yield of LA, these side reactions must be hindered significantly. It is thus expected that by changing the solvent system as well as the amount and/or the nature of the employed catalyst using acid sites and basic sites, the reaction rates of different steps can be influenced to alter the distribution of products obtained [49,50].…”

New Frontiers in the Catalytic Synthesis of Levulinic Acid: From Sugars to Raw and Waste Biomass as Starting Feedstock

“…On the other hand, protic solvents and in particular alcohols have been extensively employed for levulinate esters production, through the direct conversion from biomass by alcoholysis under acidic conditions. In fact, carbohydrate compounds can be easily converted into LA via 5-HMF through dehydration and hydration reactions, and LA is then transformed into its esters by esterification reactions [15,88].…”