Heterogeneous base catalysts: Synthesis and application for biodiesel production – A review

Jayakumar, M.; Karmegam, Natchimuthu; Gundupalli, Marttin Paulraj; Gebeyehu, Kaleab Bizuneh; Asfaw, Belete Tessema; Chang, Soon Woong; Ravindran, Balasubramani; Awasthi, Mukesh Kumar

doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125054

Cited by 173 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 126 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Heterogeneous catalysts can solve the problems with the separation of catalysts and their reuse. The heterogeneous catalysts are solid matters (dissoluble in alcohols) with alkaline [89,90] or acid properties, which can be in the form of powders, monoliths or supported on some material. It can be impregnated materials, metallic oxides (alkaline earth metals, transition metals) [91], various types of mixed oxides (Ca-Al, Mg-Al, Mg-Fe, etc.)…”

Section: Heterogeneous Catalysismentioning

confidence: 99%

The Catalysed Transformation of Vegetable Oils or Animal Fats to Biofuels and Bio-Lubricants: A Review

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This review paper summarizes the current state-of-the-art of the chemical transformation of oils/fats (i.e., triacylglycerols) to the use of biofuels or bio-lubricants in the means of transport, which is a novelty. The chemical transformation is necessary to obtain products that are more usable with properties corresponding to fuels synthesized from crude oil. Two types of fuels are described—biodiesel (the mixture of methyl esters produced by transesterification) and green diesel (paraffins produced by hydrogenation of oils). Moreover, three bio-lubricant synthesis methods are described. The transformation, which is usually catalysed, depends on: (i) the type and composition of the raw material, including alcohols for biodiesel production and hydrogen for green diesel; (ii) the type of the catalyst in the case of catalysed reactions; (iii) the reaction conditions; and (iv) types of final products. The most important catalysts, especially heterogeneous and including reaction conditions, for each product are described. The properties of biodiesel and green diesel and a comparison with diesel from crude oil are also discussed.

show abstract

Section: Heterogeneous Catalysismentioning

confidence: 99%

The Catalysed Transformation of Vegetable Oils or Animal Fats to Biofuels and Bio-Lubricants: A Review

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The general mechanism of heterogeneous base catalysts is shown in Figure 5. The most commonly studied solid bases used in the FAME production are carbonates of alkaline earth metals (CaCO 3 ), carbonates of alkali metals (Na 2 CO 3 and K 2 CO 3 ), oxides of alkaline earth metals (MgO, CaO, BaO and SrO) and other oxides, such as zinc oxide (Figure 6) [62,63].…”

Section: Heterogeneous Base Catalystsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in Widely Used Catalysts for Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) Production: A Review

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The effective transesterification process to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) requires the use of low-cost, less corrosive, environmentally friendly and effective catalysts. Currently, worldwide biodiesel production revolves around the use of alkaline and acidic catalysts employed in heterogeneous and homogeneous phases. Homogeneous catalysts (soluble catalysts) for FAME production have been widespread for a while, but solid catalysts (heterogeneous catalysts) are a newer development for FAME production. The rate of reaction is much increased when homogeneous basic catalysts are used, but the main drawback is the cost of the process which arises due to the separation of catalysts from the reaction media after product formation. A promising field for catalytic biodiesel production is the use of heteropoly acids (HPAs) and polyoxometalate compounds. The flexibility of their structures and super acidic properties can be enhanced by incorporation of polyoxometalate anions into the complex proton acids. This pseudo liquid phase makes it possible for nearly all mobile protons to take part in the catalysis process. Carbonaceous materials which are obtained after sulfonation show promising catalytic activity towards the transesterification process. Another promising heterogeneous acid catalyst used for FAME production is vanadium phosphate. Furthermore, biocatalysts are receiving attention for large-scale FAME production in which lipase is the most common one used successfully This review critically describes the most important homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts used in the current FAME production, with future directions for their use.

show abstract

“…The catalyst is both a reactant and product of the reaction ” [ 4 ]. Catalytic approaches have been applied in several areas of chemistry, such as biofuel production [ 5 ], small organic molecules of interest [ 6 ], organic synthesis [ 7 ], sensor production [ 8 ], depollution [ 9 ], pharmaceutics [ 10 ] and many more [ 11 , 12 , 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Catalytic Approaches to Multicomponent Reactions: A Critical Review and Perspectives on the Roles of Catalysis

2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In this review, we comprehensively describe catalyzed multicomponent reactions (MCRs) and the multiple roles of catalysis combined with key parameters to perform these transformations. Besides improving yields and shortening reaction times, catalysis is vital to achieving greener protocols and to furthering the MCR field of research. Considering that MCRs typically have two or more possible reaction pathways to explain the transformation, catalysis is essential for selecting a reaction route and avoiding byproduct formation. Key parameters, such as temperature, catalyst amounts and reagent quantities, were analyzed. Solvent effects, which are likely the most neglected topic in MCRs, as well as their combined roles with catalysis, are critically discussed. Stereocontrolled MCRs, rarely observed without the presence of a catalytic system, are also presented and discussed in this review. Perspectives on the use of catalytic systems for improved and greener MCRs are finally presented.

show abstract

Heterogeneous base catalysts: Synthesis and application for biodiesel production – A review

Cited by 173 publications

References 126 publications

The Catalysed Transformation of Vegetable Oils or Animal Fats to Biofuels and Bio-Lubricants: A Review

The Catalysed Transformation of Vegetable Oils or Animal Fats to Biofuels and Bio-Lubricants: A Review

Trends in Widely Used Catalysts for Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) Production: A Review

Catalytic Approaches to Multicomponent Reactions: A Critical Review and Perspectives on the Roles of Catalysis

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About