Heterogeneous carbon-based catalyst modified by alkaline earth metal oxides for biodiesel production: Parametric and kinetic study

Biodiesel Production Using Homogeneous, Heterogeneous, and Enzyme Catalysts via Transesterification and Esterification Reactions: a Critical Review

“…This activity loss was due to catalyst poisoning. Jamil et al [ 67 ] worked on different alkaline earth metals such as CaO, BaO, SrO, and MgO. Upon the addition of these metals to pristine carbon, CaO showed better catalytic activity for biodiesel production.…”

“…In the last few decades, bifunctional metallic oxide catalysts attracted the researchers’ attention due to their high catalytic activity and stability. Bifunctional catalysts possess both acidic and basic active sites, supporting the chemical transformation that requires acid and basic catalysts [ 67 ]. They allow esterification of FFA and transesterification of triglycerides simultaneously with high conversion and selectivity.…”

Biodiesel Production from Waste Frying Oils by Potassium Methoxide Supported on Activated Carbon Catalysts from Lignocellulosic Biomass

“…The results obtained revealed that the biodiesel properties, including relative density (852-900 kg•m -3 ) and kinematic viscosity (2.4-3.9 mm 2 •s -1 ), are in compliance with the standard limits of ASTM and the European Biodiesel Standard, suggesting that the biodiesel produced would be decent as a diesel fuel that potentially can minimize the serious damage of engine parts, and prolong the engine life. Darwin, Atmadian Pratama, Mardhotillah it can highly contribute to cutting the costs of biodiesel production (Konwar et al, 2012;Jamil et al, 2020). Several studies (Azargohar and Dalai, 2006;Konwar et al, 2012) revealed that carbon-based materials can be used as catalyst supports as they have potential characteristics, including high stability in acid and basic media and possibility of adjusting their texture and surface chemistry.…”

Utilisation of Non-Edible Source (Pongamia pinnata Seeds Shells) for Producing Methyl Esters as Cleaner Fuel in the Presence of a Novel Heterogeneous Catalyst Synthesized from Waste Eggshells

“…If the statistics were triggered, it increased exponentially, causing an increment in the energy demand. Fossil fuels are the primary source for fulfilment, since their exploration is thought to diminish in the coming 50 years [ 3 , 4 , 5 ]. Moreover, there are other challenges, such as instability in prices, depletion of reserves and environmental issues related to combustion emissions [ 6 ].…”

“…The catalyst is a crucial component for a transesterification reaction to produce biodiesel. A basic nature catalyst, either alkali hydroxides or alkaline oxides, is considered for biodiesel production [ 1 , 3 , 25 , 26 ]. Conventionally, alkali hydroxides, which include potassium and sodium hydroxides, were used as a highly efficient catalyst.…”