Heterogeneous Energy and Traffic Aware Sleep-Awake Cluster-Based Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network

Abstract

Sensor nodes heterogeneity if not properly utilized could lead to uneven energy consumption and load imbalanced across the network, which degrades the performance of the network. Routing algorithms should try to achieve energy-efficiency and load-balancing among the heterogeneous nodes to prolong network lifetime. One of the solutions is by using duty-cycling in cluster-based routing such as in Sleep-awake Energy Efficient Distributed (SEED) clustering algorithm to minimize redundant transmission to achieve energy efficiency. However, this scheme suffers from idle listening problem, which lead to energy wastage across the network. Moreover, SEED cannot cope with an environment with sensor nodes with heterogeneous traffic rate. To cope with energy and traffic heterogeneity issues among sensor nodes, a traffic and energy aware routing protocol (TEAR) is proposed. TEAR avoids selecting node with low energy and high traffic rate for cluster head role to achieve load balancing. However, TEAR does not avoid redundant transmission from the sensor nodes that are in close distances. In this paper, we proposed a hybrid method called energy and traffic aware sleep-awake (ETASA) mechanism to improve energy efficiency and enhanced load balancing in heterogeneous wireless sensor network scenario. Unlike prior methods, in ETASA, the paired nodes alternate into sleep and awake mode based on node's energy and traffic rate. Moreover, we revised the conventional TDMA scheduling in SEED by allocating one slot for group of pairs in a cluster. This is done to address idle listening problem to minimize energy consumption. The proposed method improves the cluster head selection technique that selects high energy, low traffic and nodes with high number of pairs to improve balanced energy consumption. The proposed approach is evaluated and compared against the state-of-the-art baseline protocols. The result shows that the proposed ETASA has 16% and 15% lifetime improvements against TEAR and SEED.

[Retracted] Effects of Novel Material Field Effect Transistor for Heterogeneous Energy and Traffic‐Aware Secure Applications

“…In [21][22][23][24][25][26], sensed heterogeneous data processing is carried out for different applications such as agriculture, weather information, and health monitoring for both live information and stored information. In [27][28][29][30][31][32], results have represented the feasibility that the sensor could be used to distinguish the different harnesses of the materials. To investigate the electrical transfer studies, various semiconductor materials such as silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), indium phosphide (InP), gallium arsenide (GaAs), and Al(x)Ga(1−x)As are used.…”

Energy Aware Routing with Computational Offloading for Wireless Sensor Networks

“…Because WSN operate from energy storage devices such as batteries, maintaining the longevity of the network is the focus of this area. Notable examples of current and past research focused on energy efficient routing include [1], [2], [3], [4], and [5]. Much of the earlier research, such as [1] and variations such as [2], focus on clustering of nodes and aggregation by a selected (in the case of LEACH, randomly selected) cluster head before forwarding data to a fixed end point.…”

“…Much of the earlier research, such as [1] and variations such as [2], focus on clustering of nodes and aggregation by a selected (in the case of LEACH, randomly selected) cluster head before forwarding data to a fixed end point. Other variations of LEACH allow nodes to enter a low power sleep mode to further conserve energy when they are not a cluster head or transmitting data, such is in [3]. The concept of clustering is very viable for a densely populated sensor network, but in a sparse, widely distributed, network where nodes may only have 2-3 neighbours by which to route data through, the number of cluster heads may come close to the number of nodes in the network.…”

Energy-Efficient Wireless Sensor Network with an Unequal Clustering Protocol Based on a Balanced Energy Method (EEUCB)

“…In a clustering mechanism, the sensor nodes are divided into several clusters. Each cluster contains a central cluster known as the cluster head (CH) and several nodes of the cluster called cluster members (CM) [ 11 , 12 , 13 ]. The CMs receive data from an environment and send them to the CH.…”