Hexamethylphosphoric triamide as a solubilizing agent

Clostridium perfringens α-toxin induces rabbit neutrophil adhesion

“…It has been reported that α-toxin induced a respiratory burst in guinea pigs (Patriarca et al, 1970) and in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) (Kaplan et al, 1972 ;Ko$ nig et al, 1997 ;Yan & Novak, 1999), potentiated the chemiluminescence response to opsonized zymosan in human PMNLs, and elicited superoxide production in bovine neutrophils (Styrt et al, 1989). α-Toxin also induced adhesion of the cells to matrix ligands, such as fibrinogen and fibronectin, and the production of reactive oxygen intermediates in rabbit neutrophils.…”

“…Several studies have reported that the α-toxin of C. perfringens (Patriarca et al, 1970 ;Stevens et al, 1987 ; . Abbreviations : DG, diacylglycerol ; fMLP, formyl-Met-Leu-Pro ; MCLA,pyrazin-3-one ; OAG, 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol ; PA, L-α-phosphatidic acid ; PDBu, phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate ; PLC, phospholipase C. Ko$ nig et al, 1997 ;Hofman et al, 2000), and the PLC of Bacillus cereus (Styrt et al, 1989), activate neutrophils, measured as an increase in O − # formation and enhancement of chemiluminescence induced by opsonized zymosan. However, histopathology has demonstrated an absence of leukocytes within the area of necrosis associated with C. perfringens growth and the presence of these cells at the borders of the region showing necrosis (Robb-Smith, 1945 ;Stevens et al, 1997).…”

Lipid‐dependent membrane enzymes

“…Proposed feedback scheme. A low amount of phosphatidic acid (1,2-diacylglycerol3-phosphate) produced by background kinase activity is thought to initiate subsequent autocatalytic kinase activation temperature-sensitive in the presence of Triton X-100 (see above), octyl p-glucoside [16] or in the organic solvent, hexamethylphosphoric triamide [32]. These latter observations point to conformational instability under special solution conditions.…”

β‐d‐Galactoside transport in Escherichia coli

“…Lipid purity was controlled by the previous thin-layer chromatographic methods [18, 3 1, 321. Diacylglycerol kinase activity was assayed with 1,2-dipalmitoylglycerol as substrate in the presence of Triton X-100 as described [18,311. Flow dialysis was carried out following literature procedures (cf.…”

“…However, the preliminary electron microscope studies performed are in favor of a mixed assembly of amorphous protein aggregates and trapped liposomes rather than of true proteoliposomes [36]. The facile reactivation of diacylglycerol kinase in the lipid/protein aggregate may reflect the inherent stability of this enzyme which has previously been reactivated by direct injection of HMPT protein solutions into the kinase assay mixture [18].…”