“…Hub network design is an important concern for liner shipping and Zheng et al (2020) studied the impact of the location of hub ports on the liner shipping networks. Hub networks can arise also in public transportation planning, in particular in the design of rapid transit systems and highway networks (see, for instance, Contreras et al, 2009b;Contreras et al, 2010;Martins de Sá et al, 2015a;Martins de Sá et al, 2015b;Zhong, Juan, Zong, & Su, 2018 ). Network planners are often interested in extending current transport options by constructing new highways or express lanes, or new rapid transit lines, and the many-to-many nature of O-D demand often leads to a hub configuration.…”