Abstract:This protocol uses vascular corrosion casting, hierarchical synchrotron radiation µCT imaging, and computational image analysis to assess the threedimensional vascular network architecture in the entire adult and postnatal mouse brain.TWEET New protocol for 3D hierarchical imaging (#µCT, #synchrotron) and computational analysis of the entire mouse brain vasculature @KrembilRI @ETH_en @UZH_en
“…3e,f ). Whereas sprouting angiogenesis and ETCs advance in a radial manner during embryonic development 88 , postnatally, ETCs spread in all directions of the various cortical layers, mostly emanating from the main vessel branches established during brain embryogenesis 3 , 153 , 154 (Fig. 3e,f ).…”
Section: Angiogenesis and Brain Developmentmentioning
The CNS critically relies on the formation and proper function of its vasculature during development, adult homeostasis and disease. Angiogenesis — the formation of new blood vessels — is highly active during brain development, enters almost complete quiescence in the healthy adult brain and is reactivated in vascular-dependent brain pathologies such as brain vascular malformations and brain tumours. Despite major advances in the understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms driving angiogenesis in peripheral tissues, developmental signalling pathways orchestrating angiogenic processes in the healthy and the diseased CNS remain incompletely understood. Molecular signalling pathways of the ‘neurovascular link’ defining common mechanisms of nerve and vessel wiring have emerged as crucial regulators of peripheral vascular growth, but their relevance for angiogenesis in brain development and disease remains largely unexplored. Here we review the current knowledge of general and CNS-specific mechanisms of angiogenesis during brain development and in brain vascular malformations and brain tumours, including how key molecular signalling pathways are reactivated in vascular-dependent diseases. We also discuss how these topics can be studied in the single-cell multi-omics era.
“…3e,f ). Whereas sprouting angiogenesis and ETCs advance in a radial manner during embryonic development 88 , postnatally, ETCs spread in all directions of the various cortical layers, mostly emanating from the main vessel branches established during brain embryogenesis 3 , 153 , 154 (Fig. 3e,f ).…”
Section: Angiogenesis and Brain Developmentmentioning
The CNS critically relies on the formation and proper function of its vasculature during development, adult homeostasis and disease. Angiogenesis — the formation of new blood vessels — is highly active during brain development, enters almost complete quiescence in the healthy adult brain and is reactivated in vascular-dependent brain pathologies such as brain vascular malformations and brain tumours. Despite major advances in the understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms driving angiogenesis in peripheral tissues, developmental signalling pathways orchestrating angiogenic processes in the healthy and the diseased CNS remain incompletely understood. Molecular signalling pathways of the ‘neurovascular link’ defining common mechanisms of nerve and vessel wiring have emerged as crucial regulators of peripheral vascular growth, but their relevance for angiogenesis in brain development and disease remains largely unexplored. Here we review the current knowledge of general and CNS-specific mechanisms of angiogenesis during brain development and in brain vascular malformations and brain tumours, including how key molecular signalling pathways are reactivated in vascular-dependent diseases. We also discuss how these topics can be studied in the single-cell multi-omics era.
“…3 b and c, generated from 10-day-old (P10) wild-type (WT) mice (Wälchli et al 2017 ). In their recent work, Wälchli et al ( 2021 ) showed that vascular density increases from postnatal to adult mouse brains (Wälchli et al 2021 ). Fig.…”
Section: Implantation Techniques Initial Trauma and Chronic Outcomementioning
Neural probes are sophisticated electrophysiological tools used for intra-cortical recording and stimulation. These microelectrode arrays, designed to penetrate and interface the brain from within, contribute at the forefront of basic and clinical neuroscience. However, one of the challenges and currently most significant limitations is their ‘seamless’ long-term integration into the surrounding brain tissue. Following implantation, which is typically accompanied by bleeding, the tissue responds with a scarring process, resulting in a gliotic region closest to the probe. This glial scarring is often associated with neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and a leaky blood–brain interface (BBI). The engineering progress on minimizing this reaction in the form of improved materials, microfabrication, and surgical techniques is summarized in this review. As research over the past decade has progressed towards a more detailed understanding of the nature of this biological response, it is time to pose the question: Are penetrating probes completely free from glial scarring at all possible?
“…Therefore, scanning an entire human organ (with a size of 5–30 cm in each dimension) at multiple resolutions can be executed without dissecting the sample or requiring to transport to different instrument locations or facilities 27 , 28 , 30 . HiP-CT features a customized flat-field correction, an attenuation scanning protocol, along with an efficient tomographic sampling and stitching pipeline to cover large, soft-tissue organs entirely, without staining 27 , 31 or clearing 10 . The integrated single-modality, multiscale imaging approach of HiP-CT 26 ensures a simplified image registration procedure thanks to the consistent tissue contrast across lengthscales.…”
Technological advancements in X-ray imaging using bright and coherent synchrotron sources now allows the decoupling of sample size and resolution while maintaining high sensitivity to the microstructures of soft, partially dehydrated tissues. The continuous developments in multiscale X-ray imaging resulted in hierarchical phase-contrast tomography, a comprehensive approach to address the challenge of organ-scale (up to tens of centimeters) soft tissue imaging with resolution and sensitivity down to the cellular level. Using this technique, we imaged ex vivo an entire human left lung at an isotropic voxel size of 25.08 μm along with local zooms down to 6.05–6.5 μm and 2.45–2.5 μm in voxel size. The high tissue contrast offered by the fourth-generation synchrotron source at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility reveals the complex multiscale anatomical constitution of the human lung from the macroscopic (centimeter) down to the microscopic (micrometer) scale. The dataset provides comprehensive organ-scale 3D information of the secondary pulmonary lobules and delineates the microstructure of lung nodules with unprecedented detail.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
