Hierarchical Multiple-Model Bayesian Approach to Transmural Electrophysiological Imaging

Sensitivity of Noninvasive Cardiac Electrophysiological Imaging to Variations in Personalized Anatomical Modeling

“…Recent efforts start to examine the forward model that includes the domain of 3-D myocardium, solving both the Poison’ s (3), (5) and the Laplace (4), (6). The source model in these approaches represent the real physiological sources in the heart, in the form of 3-D transmural action potential [4]–[8] or current density/activation wavefront [9], [10] throughout the myocardial wall. Because of the 3-D source model beneath the heart surface, this type of approaches faces additional challenges of nonunique solutions induced by the underlying biophysics of the problem.…”

“…In the past decade, transmural EP imaging has been emerged that considers transmural source models in forms of transmural action potential [4]–[8], or current density/activation wavefront [9], [10]. In the reconstruction of current density or activation wavefront, different orders of smoothness constraints have been imposed on the spatial or temporal properties of the solution, through methods such as Laplacian-weighted minimum norm [4], or lead-field-normalized-weighted minimum norm in combination with truncated-SVD [9].…”

“…Different EP imaging systems have been developed, delivering the reconstruction of potential dynamics on the epicardium [1], [2], activation front on both the epicardium and the endocardium [3], and intramural action potential dynamics [4]–[8] or current density/activation front [9], [10] throughout the depth of the ventricular wall. Developments in the past three decades have led to applications of EP imaging in important clinical problems, such as ventricular arrhythmia [11], [12], dyssynchronous heart failure [13], atrial fibrillation [14], and myocardial ischemia [15].…”