High Anti-Cryptosporidium parvum IgG Seroprevalence in HIV-Infected Adults in Limpopo, South Africa

Bartelt, Luther A.; Sevilleja, Jesus Emmanuel; Barrett, Leah J.; Warren, Cirle A.; Guerrant, Richard L.; Dillingham, Rebecca; Samie, Amidou

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.12-0550

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Both the HIV positive and HIV negatives were infected with Cryptosporidium spp; but PLWH had the highest prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp (16.8%). The prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp in this study is lower unlike the 44% reported earlier in Cameroon [15] and the 79.0%, in South Africa [43]. Cryptosporidium spp is recognized as an opportunistic parasite in HIV/AIDS patients because it tends to be present when the CD4 + T cell counts are below 200 cells/µL.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 77%

Malaria and intestinal parasite co-infections and impact on haematological parameters among people living with HIV in Buea, Southwest Cameroon

Sandie¹,

Sumbele²,

Tasah³

et al. 2020

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Background: Both malaria and intestinal parasites are endemic in Cameroon, and their co-infection can be of great impact on haematological parameters among people living with HIV (PLWH). This cross-sectional study determined the prevalence and impact of malaria/intestinal parasite co-infections on haematological parameters in PLWH and HIV negative individuals in Buea, Cameroon from March-August 2019.Methods: The study population (500) comprised of 190 PLWH, 216 HIV consenting negative individuals from the Buea community and 94 HIV negative patients at the Buea Hospital out-patient department (OPD). Participants were examined clinically, and the collected blood sample was used for malaria parasite (MP) detection, HIV diagnosis and full blood count analysis. Stool samples were examined for the detection of intestinal parasites (IPs) using the formol-ether concentration and modified Zheil-Neelsen techniques. Proportions were compared using Pearson’s Chi-square test and association of anaemia with the independent variables was evaluated using multivariate logistic regression analysis Results: Overall, MP, IPs and MP/IPs co-infection prevalences were 17.0% (85), 13.0% (65) and 2.2% (11) respectively. When compared with HIV negative participants from the communities, PLWH had the highest prevalence of MP (16.3%, P = 0.17), IPs (23.7%, P ˂ 0.001) and MP/IPs co-infection (3.7%, P = 0.04). Plasmodium falciparum was the only malaria parasite identified. Detected protozoa (10.2%) were Cryptosporidium species and Entamoeba histolytica while detected helminths (3.8%) were Ascaris lumbricoides, Schistosoma mansoni, hookworm, Dipylidium caninum, Hymenolepis nana and Taenia species. Cryptosporidium species (16.8%, 32) was the most prevalent protozoan IP while hookworm (2.6%, 5) was the most prevalent helminth among PLWH. The significant risk factors associated with anaemia included being aged 21-30 years (P=0.029), a male (P<0.001), MP positive (P<0.001), HIV positive (P<0.001) and feverish (P<0.001). Participants co-infected with HIV, MP and IP had a significantly lower mean haemoglobin value (10.56 ±1.21 g/dl). Conclusion: Malaria and intestinal parasites are still public health concern among PLWH and co-infections have negative influence on haematological parameters especially haemoglobin concentration. Routine screening for malaria and IPs in PLWH is recommended, as well as haemoglobin concentration monitoring.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 77%

Malaria and intestinal parasite co-infections and impact on haematological parameters among people living with HIV in Buea, Southwest Cameroon

Sandie¹,

Sumbele²,

Tasah³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…In this investigation, we detected higher seroprevalence (10/311, 3.22%) of Cryptosporidium infection in parrots compared with Sheather's sugar flotation technique. This is because ELISA usually has better sensitivity for the detection of antibodies against Cryptosporidium [ 31 ]. Moreover, parrots which were positive for Cryptosporidium oocysts in fecal samples were also positive for indirect ELISA.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Genotyping ofCryptosporidiumInfection in Pet Parrots in North China

Zhang

Zhao

et al. 2015

BioMed Research International

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Cryptosporidiosis is a worldwide zoonosis caused by Cryptosporidium spp., sometimes leading to severe diarrhea in humans and animals. In the present study, 311 parrots, belonging to four species, namely, Budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus), Lovebirds (Agapornis sp.), Alexandrine parakeets (Psittacula eupatria), and Cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus), from Beijing and Weifang cities, were examined for Cryptosporidium spp. infection. Blood samples of each bird were examined using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and fecal samples were examined by Sheather's sugar flotation technique. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection were 3.22% (10/311) and 0.64% (2/311) by ELISA and Sheather's sugar flotation technique, respectively. Seroprevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in different breeds varied from 0 to 15.39%. Sequencing analysis showed that both positive samples from fecal samples belonged to Cryptosporidium avian genotype V. This is the first report of Cryptosporidium avian genotype V in Budgerigars. The results of the present study provided foundation-data for prevention and control of cryptosporidiosis in pet birds in China.

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“…While recurrence was unlikely within one month of infection in one cohort [ 82 ], by nine weeks post-infection only 54% of children in a different study demonstrated antibody to an immunodominant Cryptosporidium antigen gp15 through nine weeks [ 83 ]. Although humoral and cell-mediated responses to specific Cryptosporidium antigens are not universally concordant [ 20 , 84 ], these findings suggest that immunity in children may rapidly wane. Also, our findings are restricted to homologous C .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidium Priming Is More Effective than Vaccine for Protection against Cryptosporidiosis in a Murine Protein Malnutrition Model

et al. 2016

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Cryptosporidium is a major cause of severe diarrhea, especially in malnourished children. Using a murine model of C. parvum oocyst challenge that recapitulates clinical features of severe cryptosporidiosis during malnutrition, we interrogated the effect of protein malnutrition (PM) on primary and secondary responses to C. parvum challenge, and tested the differential ability of mucosal priming strategies to overcome the PM-induced susceptibility. We determined that while PM fundamentally alters systemic and mucosal primary immune responses to Cryptosporidium, priming with C. parvum (106 oocysts) provides robust protective immunity against re-challenge despite ongoing PM. C. parvum priming restores mucosal Th1-type effectors (CD3+CD8+CD103+ T-cells) and cytokines (IFNγ, and IL12p40) that otherwise decrease with ongoing PM. Vaccination strategies with Cryptosporidium antigens expressed in the S. Typhi vector 908htr, however, do not enhance Th1-type responses to C. parvum challenge during PM, even though vaccination strongly boosts immunity in challenged fully nourished hosts. Remote non-specific exposures to the attenuated S. Typhi vector alone or the TLR9 agonist CpG ODN-1668 can partially attenuate C. parvum severity during PM, but neither as effectively as viable C. parvum priming. We conclude that although PM interferes with basal and vaccine-boosted immune responses to C. parvum, sustained reductions in disease severity are possible through mucosal activators of host defenses, and specifically C. parvum priming can elicit impressively robust Th1-type protective immunity despite ongoing protein malnutrition. These findings add insight into potential correlates of Cryptosporidium immunity and future vaccine strategies in malnourished children.

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High Anti-Cryptosporidium parvum IgG Seroprevalence in HIV-Infected Adults in Limpopo, South Africa

Abstract: Abstract. A seroepidemiological study was performed to determine the seroprevalence of Cryptosporidium in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults and local university students in the Limpopo Province, South

Cited by 14 publications

References 18 publications

Malaria and intestinal parasite co-infections and impact on haematological parameters among people living with HIV in Buea, Southwest Cameroon

Malaria and intestinal parasite co-infections and impact on haematological parameters among people living with HIV in Buea, Southwest Cameroon

Prevalence and Genotyping ofCryptosporidiumInfection in Pet Parrots in North China

Cryptosporidium Priming Is More Effective than Vaccine for Protection against Cryptosporidiosis in a Murine Protein Malnutrition Model

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