High extraction efficiency fiber coated with calix[4] open‐chain crown ether for solid‐phase microextraction of polar aromatic and aliphatic compounds

Abstract

The calix[4] open-chain crown ether, 5,11,17,23-tetra-tert-butyl-25,27-di(2-allyloxyethoxyl)-26,28-dihydroxycalix[4]arene was synthesized and used for preparation of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fibers of enhanced extraction efficiency. The new SPME coating made from calix[4] open-chain crown ether and hydroxyl-terminated silicone oil was developed with the aid of vinyltriethoxylsilane as bridge using sol-gel method and cross-linking technology. The efficiency of the novel fiber in the extraction of polar aromatic and aliphatic compounds, such as phenols, alcohols, and volatile fatty acids, was also investigated. Due to the introduction of the polar open-chain crown ether in calix[4]arene molecules, the calix[4] open-chain crown ether fiber showed much better selectivity and sensitivity to these polar compounds in comparison with calix[4]arene fiber. It also had superior extraction efficiency when compared to commercial poly(dimethylsiloxane)-divinylbenzene and polyacrylate fibers. Parts per billion to parts per trillion level detection limits were achieved for most of the analytes through SPME in conjunction with GC and flame ionization detector. The linear ranges were two to four orders of magnitude, and the RSD values were below 7% for all analytes. The novel fiber was applied to determine volatile alcohols and fatty acids in wine samples. The volatile-free wine prepared in this work was used to assure similar chemical environment for analytes in both calibration solutions and in real wine samples, thus compensating for possible matrix interferences. The established internal standard method using 4-methyl-2-pentanol as internal standard showed satisfactory accuracy and precision.

Solid-phase microextraction of phthalate esters from aqueous media by electrochemically deposited carbon nanotube/polypyrrole composite on a stainless steel fiber

“…In addition to the commercially available SPME fibers [5], a number of novel coatings have been developed for the extraction of various types of compounds. These include polymer materials [6,7], calix [4]open-chain crown ether [8], HPLC chemically bonded silica stationary phases [9] and solid sorbents [10]. Various approaches including, vapor deposition [11], electrochemical procedures [12], sol-gel technology [13], and physical deposition [14] have been used in the process.…”

A sol–gel based solid phase microextraction fiber for analysis of aromatic hydrocarbons

“…SPME coatings were devolved and evaluated based on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) [10], polyacrylate (PA) [11,12], carbowax:template resin [13], carbowax:divinilybenzene, nafion per fluorinated resin [14], and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) [15,16]. Sol-gel coatings have been used for preparation of SPME fibers with high thermal stability in development of methodology for volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds analysis [17][18][19][20][21][22].…”

Innovative chemically bonded ionic liquids-based sol–gel coatings as highly porous, stable and selective stationary phases for solid phase microextraction

“…Underlying mechanism of the coating process , and an acid catalyst (95% TFA, containing 5% water). KH-570, which contained both vinyl and trimethoxysilyl substituents on the tag end, was successfully used as a coupling agent in the preparation of the sol-gel derived SPME fibres in our previous work [46,47]. Commonly, ILs used for preparation of sol-gel sorbents materials acted as both solvent and pore templates.…”