High frequency stream bed mobility of a low‐gradient agricultural stream with implications on the hyporheic zone

Peterson, Eric W.; Sickbert, Timothy; Moore, Suzanna L

doi:10.1002/hyp.7031

Cited by 20 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…The bed is unconsolidated silty, gravelly coarse sand from the cut bank to within 1 m of the point bar, which is uncompacted sandy mud underlain by coarser material. All stream bed material at the site is subject to erosion, and multiple episodes of scour lowering the stream bed by more than 0.3 m-and subsequent filling-were observed [19]. The episodes of scour temporarily exposed the shallow piezometer screens described below.…”

Section: Site Instrumentation and Data Collection Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Surface Water Velocity on Hyporheic Interchange

Sickbert¹,

Peterson

2014

JWARP

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When evaluating hyporheic exchange in a flowing stream, it is inappropriate to directly compare stream stage with subsurface hydraulic head (h) to determine direction and magnitude of the gradient between the stream and the subsurface. In the case of moving water, it is invalid to ignore velocity and to assume that stage equals the net downward pressure on the streambed. The Bernoulli equation describes the distribution of energy within flowing fluids and implies that net pressure decreases as a function of velocity, i.e., the Venturi Effect, which sufficiently reduces the pressure on the streambed to create the appearance of a downward gradient when in fact the gradient may be upward with stream flow drawing water from the subsurface to the surface. A field study correlating the difference between subsurface head and stream stage in a low-gradient stream indicates that the effect is present and significant: shallow subsurface head increases less quickly than stage while deeper subsurface head increases more quickly. These results can substantially improve conceptual models and simulations of hyporheic flow.

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Section: Site Instrumentation and Data Collection Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Surface Water Velocity on Hyporheic Interchange

Sickbert¹,

Peterson

2014

JWARP

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“…The watershed is within the Bloomington Ridged Plain of the Till Plains Section, Central Lowland Province [53]. At the study location, three geologic units are relevant [51,54,55]. The Cahokia Alluvium, a 2-m thick Holocene floodplain deposit composed of sandy-silt, is the surficial unit.…”

Section: Site Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The interface between the stream and the streambed occurs along the contact separating the Cahokia Alluvium and the Henry Formation; the gravels of the Henry Formation serve as the streambed [51,55]. A strong hydraulic connection between the stream and the underlying outwash aquifer has been documented [46,[55][56][57][58].…”

Section: Site Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the observed upwelling of groundwater to LKC, a bromide tracer tests confirmed the downwelling of stream water to depths of 150 cm [59]. Although LKC has a low gradient (0.002) the streambed is mobile, with the top 30 cm of sediment entrained during bank full events on average every 7.6 months [51]. Limited vegetation has been observed along the streambed.…”

Section: Site Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although LKC has a low gradient (0.002) the streambed is mobile, with the top 30 cm of sediment entrained during bank full events on average every 7.6 months [51]. Limited vegetation has been observed along the streambed.…”

Section: Site Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transport and Fate of Nitrate in the Streambed of a Low-Gradient Stream

Peterson

Hayden

2018

Hydrology

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The transport and fate of nitrate (NO 3 − ) to in the top 15 cm of a streambed has been well-documented, but an understanding of greater depths is limited. This work examines the transport and fate of nitrate (NO 3 − ) at depths of 30 cm, 60 cm, 90 cm, and 150 cm below the stream-streambed interface. Concentrations of nitrate as nitrogen (NO 3 -N) and chloride (Cl − ) were measured in the waters from the streambed, the stream water, and the groundwater. Mixing models predicted values of ∆NO 3 -N, the difference between measured NO 3 -N and theoretical NO 3 -N. At a 30-cm depth, the mean ∆NO 3 -N value was −0.25 mg/L, indicating a deficit of NO 3 -N and the removal of NO 3 -N from the system. At deeper levels, the values of ∆NO 3 -N began to approach zero, reaching a mean value of −0.07 mg/L at 150 cm. The reduction of NO 3 -N does not appear to be controlled by vegetation, as it was not correlated to either temperature or visible light. Larger negative ∆NO 3 -N values (more removal) occur when stream NO 3 -N concentrations are higher and organic matter is present.Hydrology 2018, 5, 55 2 of 17 Spatial variability in the distribution and composition of microbial communities, the concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO), the concentration of organic matter (OM), and the concentration and species of nitrogen within the streambed control the rate of N removal [35,[39][40][41][42][43]. Longer residence time of the waters in the streambed correlate to enhanced reduction of NO 3 -N concentrations [44]. Seasonal variation of NO 3 -N concentrations in midwestern streams has been observed [45,46]; the variations are attributed to precipitation, fertilizer application, rate of stream water discharge, and the concentration of dissolved organic carbon in pore water within the streambed [3,4,6]. Concentrations of NO 3 -N tend to be higher during early spring following the application of fertilizers and when more frequent and higher magnitude precipitation events increase runoff. Nitrate concentrations are typically lowest during summer, when there is a limited source of NO 3 -N and there is increased uptake from growing plants [38,45]. The rate of denitrification, which is lowest during the winter months (November to March) and highest in early spring and summer (April to July), influences the seasonal variation of NO 3 -N concentrations in streams [4,47]. Moreover, the decrease in winter denitrification rates is attributed to a decrease in temperature and in microbial activity. Elevated denitrification rates during spring and summer are correlated to increased NO 3 -N entering the system and to increased amounts of decaying foliage entering the stream, providing OM for the denitrifying microbes.Nitrate removal in stream ecosystems is thought to occur disproportionately in zones with long residence times that facilitate the contact of reactive solutes with high biotic capacity for biogeochemical processing [42,48]. Despite studies indicating that significant microbial processes occur up to several meters below the streambed, the...

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Numerical modelling to evaluate the nitrogen removal rate in hyporheic zone and its implications for stream management

Liu

Chui²

2019

Hydrological Processes

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The hyporheic zone (HZ) plays a vital role in the stream ecosystem. Reactions in the HZ such as denitrification and nitrification have been examined in previous studies.However, no numerical model has yet been developed that can accurately simulate nitrogen concentration changes in the HZ, because the zones for the two reactions can change throughout the reactions. This study proposes a method of evaluating the nitrogen removal rate in the HZ through numerical modelling. First, a basic twodimensional numerical model coupling flow conditions with biochemical reactions is proposed to consider both nitrification and denitrification. The zones for different reactions are determined under the assumption that related environmental variables (i.e., the dissolved oxygen) will not change throughout the reactions. Next, to exam-

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High frequency stream bed mobility of a low‐gradient agricultural stream with implications on the hyporheic zone

Cited by 20 publications

References 52 publications

The Effects of Surface Water Velocity on Hyporheic Interchange

The Effects of Surface Water Velocity on Hyporheic Interchange

Transport and Fate of Nitrate in the Streambed of a Low-Gradient Stream

Numerical modelling to evaluate the nitrogen removal rate in hyporheic zone and its implications for stream management

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