High glucose yields from the hydrolysis of cellulose dissolved in ionic liquids

Chemical Pretreatment Methods for the Production of Cellulosic Ethanol: Technologies and Innovations

“…Regenerated cellulose is more amorphous and has additional sites for enzyme adsorption which is favourable to saccharification. Addition of water in the cause of ILbiomass reaction improves cellulose hydrolysis by increasing selectivity to glucose and cellobiose [187]. If antisolvent mixtures such as water/acetone are used, then cellulose and lignin are distinctly separated through dissolution in water and acetone, respectively [170,188].…”

“…Economic improvements have been reported via interventions such as the use of thermophilic cellulase in high solvent concentrations [205]; application of acid catalysts such as sulfonated carbon materials (sugar catalysts) [206], HCl [175,187], and Nafion NR50 [207]; inclusion of chemicals such as NH 4 OH-H 2 O 2 [208] and electrolyte solution [181]; direct (without cellulase) conversion of pretreated substrates to biofuels in consolidated bioprocessing [209]; the reuse of solvent in several batches [169]. Notwithstanding other process enhancements, it is necessary that lignin-derived products are efficiently utilized to improve process economics.…”

Influence of water concentration in the viscosities and densities of cellulose dissolving ionic liquids. Correlation of viscosity data

“…Nevertheless, for many of these processes other molecular solvents are added to the mixture: i.e. water and sometimes acids for hydrolysis process are added in amounts low enough to prevent cellulose precipitation [3], or in higher amounts to finally precipitate the cellulose or cellulose derived polymers [1]. In addition the ILs belonging to these two families are as well as the cellulose are highly hygroscopic and it is almost impossible to dry these systems for an industrial application, thus, water will then be always present in these systems.…”

Microwave-assisted catalytic conversion of cellulose into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in ionic liquids

“…Cellulose, which is the most abundant biomass, has been received intensive research for the production of function materials and chemicals [4][5][6]. However, cellulose routinely co-exists with lignin in lignocellulosic biomass, and cellulose forms a highly crystalline structure due to the presence of the extensive intra-and inter-molecular hydrogen bonds and Van der Waals interactions.…”