High-numerical-aperture lens system for optical storage

Mansfield, Scott; Studenmund, W. R.; Kino, G. S.; Osato, Kiyoshi

doi:10.1364/ol.18.000305

Cited by 168 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Mansfield and Kino were the first to recommend the SIL for increasing the spatial resolution of the optical microscope [1]. A SIL is a spherical lens (diameter 2r, refractive index n SIL ) which is polished to a thickness of r (hemisphere type) or (1+1/n SIL )r (supersphere or Weierstrass type) [2,3]. The sphere diameter is usually in the range of single millimeters down to micrometers.…”

Section: The Near-field Accessed With Solid Immersion Lens Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The sphere diameter is usually in the range of single millimeters down to micrometers. The numerical aperture (NA) of the complete system is improved by factor of n SIL (hemisphere type) or (n SIL ) 2 (Weierstrass type) -subject to the condition that the refractive index of the substrate is at least as high as the refractive index of the SIL. If this condition is not met, the refractive index of the substrate limits the effective numerical aperture NA eff of the SIL/ objective optical system (with NA eff = n SIL sinα m , where α m is the marginal ray angle inside the SIL) [4].…”

Section: The Near-field Accessed With Solid Immersion Lens Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extension of solid immersion lens technology to super-resolution Raman microscopy

Ostertag¹,

Lorenz²,

Rebner³

et al. 2014

Nanospectroscopy

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The near-field accessed with solid immersion lens technologyThe main reason for using solid immersion lenses is their capability to enhance the spatial resolution. Solids have higher refractive indices than air. When used as the immersion medium, light travels more slowly and the wavelength is shorter in the optically denser medium which results in an improvement in resolution. Mansfield and Kino were the first to recommend the SIL for increasing the spatial resolution of the optical microscope [1]. A SIL is a spherical lens (diameter 2r, refractive index n SIL ) which is polished to a thickness of r (hemisphere type) or (1+1/n SIL )r (supersphere or Weierstrass type) [2,3]. The sphere diameter is usually in the range of single millimeters down to micrometers. The numerical aperture (NA) of the complete system is improved by factor of n SIL (hemisphere type) or (n SIL ) 2 (Weierstrass type) -subject to the condition that the refractive index of the substrate is at least as high as the refractive index of the SIL. If this condition is not met, the refractive index of the substrate limits the effective numerical aperture NA eff of the SIL/ objective optical system (with NA eff = n SIL sinα m , where α m is the marginal ray angle inside the SIL) [4]. The angular range of collected information is determined by the SIL probe, the objective lens, and the detector [5].The SIL technique is also known as "numerical aperture increasing lens (NAIL) microscopy" [6]. For the NAIL technique the inclusion of evanescent waves is crucial for resolution gain [7]. Tom Milster et al. have described the role of propagating and evanescent waves in solid immersion lens systems [8].It must be emphasized here that the lateral resolution of a SIL microscope can exceed the "NAIL Limit", i.e. by the factor of the refractive index n SIL . In order to achieve this, the evanescent component of the light from the substrate has to be identified amongst the predominant propagated component. One approach is to tailor the angular spectrum by annular illumination and collection which can significantly improve the resolution and emphasize Abstract: Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy (SNOM) has developed during recent decades into a valuable tool to optically image the surface topology of materials with super-resolution. With aperture-based SNOM systems, the resolution scales with the size of the aperture, but also limits the sensitivity of the detection and thus the application for spectroscopic techniques like Raman SNOM. In this paper we report the extension of solid immersion lens (SIL) technology to Raman SNOM. The hemispherical SIL with a tip on the bottom acts as an apertureless dielectric nanoprobe for simultaneously acquiring topographic and spectroscopic information. The SIL is placed between the sample and the microscope objective of a confocal Raman microscope. The lateral resolution in the Raman mode is validated with a cross section of a semiconductor layer system and, at approximately 180 nm, is beyond the classical diffraction lim...

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Section: The Near-field Accessed With Solid Immersion Lens Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Near-field Accessed With Solid Immersion Lens Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Extension of solid immersion lens technology to super-resolution Raman microscopy

Ostertag¹,

Lorenz²,

Rebner³

et al. 2014

Nanospectroscopy

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“…A promising approach is to use a blue laser to write and read data through a solid immersion lens (SIL) or solid immersion mirror (SIM), both of which significantly reduce the spot size of the focused beam at the bottom of the lens as illustrated in Fig. 19 [9], [178]- [180]. Other optical NFR methods proposed have practical limitations.…”

Section: Near-field Recording Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control Methods in Data-Storage Systems

Cherubini

Chung

Messner

et al. 2012

IEEE Trans. Contr. Syst. Technol.

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Abstract-The recording performance of data-storage devices, in which write/read elements move relative to a storage medium to reliably store and retrieve information, depends on the capability of servo mechanisms to provide the necessary positioning accuracy. The desired characteristics of servo mechanisms for datastorage systems include robustness against variations of environmental parameters, high resolution, accuracy, stability, and fast response. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of advanced servo-control methods for data storage. The applications are to well-established recording technologies, including magnetic tape and magnetic disk systems as well as CD/DVD/Blue-Ray optical data-storage systems. Moreover, newer holographic and nearfield optical systems and the emerging probe-storage technology are also addressed. Emphasis is given to the potential exhibited by the technologies considered for achieving ultra-high storage capacity, as required by the exploding demand in data-storage capacity for archival systems and massive multimedia data storage.Index Terms-Control systems, hard-disk drive, holographic data storage, optical-disk drive, scanning-probe data storage, servomechanism, tape drive.

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“…While the super-SIL configuration has a greater magnification ( versus ) and increased numerical aperture, it suffers from strong chromatic aberration. The applications of solid immersion microscopy fall into two categories: surface [1] and subsurface imaging [3], [20]. In the latter, the SIL (or super-SIL) is used to image objects below the lens and into the sample under study.…”

Section: Solid Immersion Lens Microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Immersion lens microscopy of photonic nanostructures and quantum dots

Goldberg

Ippolito

Novotny

et al. 2002

IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron.

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Abstract-We describe recent experimental and theoretical advances in immersion lens microscopy for both surface and subsurface imaging as applied to photonic nanostructures. We examine in detail the ability of sharp metal tips to enhance local optical fields for nanometer resolution microscopy and spectroscopy. Finally, we describe a new approach to nano-optics, that of combining solid immersion microscopy with tip-enhanced focusing and show how such an approach may lead to 20-nm resolution with unity throughput.

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High-numerical-aperture lens system for optical storage

Cited by 168 publications

References 3 publications

Extension of solid immersion lens technology to super-resolution Raman microscopy

Extension of solid immersion lens technology to super-resolution Raman microscopy

Control Methods in Data-Storage Systems

Immersion lens microscopy of photonic nanostructures and quantum dots

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