High-Performance Mach–Zehnder Modulator Based on Thin-Film Lithium Niobate with Low Voltage-Length Product

Li, Ying; Lan, Tian; Yang, Der‐Ching; Bao, Jianfeng; Xiang, Meihua; Yang, Feng; Wang, Zhiyong

doi:10.1021/acsomega.3c00310

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The OPD required for modulation in the MZM is expressed as the voltage-length product (Vπ•L) [17]. This value was calculated for each EO material studied based on the assumed geometry.…”

Section: Selecting the Type And Architecture Of The Modulatormentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Analysis of Six Electro-Optical Crystals in a High-Bandwidth Traveling Wave Mach-Zehnder Light Modulator

Ataei,

McManamon,

Sarangan

2024

Photonics

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In this study, a traveling wave Mach-Zehnder intensity modulator (TW-MZM) was designed and optimized for six different electro-optical (EO) crystals: lithium niobate (LNB), potassium niobate (KNB), lithium titanate (LTO), beta barium borate (BBO), cadmium telluride (CdTe), and indium phosphide (InP). The performance of each EO crystal, including optical and radio frequency (RF) loss, applied voltage, and modulation bandwidth, was estimated and compared. The results suggest that, in theory, KNB, LTO, BBO, and CdTe have the potential to outperform LNB. However, it should be noted that the loss associated with KNB and LTO is comparable to that of LNB. The findings demonstrated that BBO and CdTe exhibit a modulation bandwidth exceeding 100 GHz and demonstrate the lowest loss among the considered crystals based on the assumed geometry.

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“…The OPD required for modulation in the MZM is expressed as the voltage-length product (Vπ•L) [17]. This value was calculated for each EO material studied based on the assumed geometry.…”

Section: Selecting the Type And Architecture Of The Modulatormentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Analysis of Six Electro-Optical Crystals in a High-Bandwidth Traveling Wave Mach-Zehnder Light Modulator

Ataei,

McManamon,

Sarangan

2024

Photonics

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“…Table 1 and 2 summarize the progress of different TFLN modulators with the MZI structure. [ 5,6,12,15,26–107 ] Figure summarizes the half‐wave voltage, device length, and bandwidth of etched and non‐etched TFLN modulators. Both these two kinds of modulators can realize a very high bandwidth.…”

Section: Mzi‐based Tfln Modulatormentioning

confidence: 99%

Compact and Efficient Thin‐Film Lithium Niobate Modulators

Chen,

Gao,

Lin

et al. 2023

Advanced Photonics Research

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Thin‐film lithium niobate (TFLN) modulators have garnered significant attention in the field of integrated photonics due to their ability to manipulate light. Numerous TFLN modulators have been demonstrated over the past few years, with speed records consistently being broken. However, due to the low refractive index contrast and anisotropic properties of TFLN, modulators based on this material feature larger device sizes and lower efficiency. A more compact and efficient modulator is important, as it is required for future dense integration and low power consumption applications. There have been some reports on how to reduce device size, and research is ongoing. A comprehensive summary can help individuals understand the current state of research and existing problems. In this review, we provide an overview of recent advancements in TFLN modulator technology, focusing on compactness and efficiency. Herein, various types of modulators, such as the Mach–Zehnder interferometer, Michelson interferometer, resonator cavity, and Z‐cut type modulators, are discussed. Moreover, potential improvement strategies and applications for compact and efficient TFLN modulators in advanced photonic systems are explored. In conclusion, in this review, the recent achievements in compact and efficient TFLN modulators are summarized and their significance in various optoelectronic applications is emphasized.

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“…However, the size along the propagation direction of the light is much larger to achieve the required interaction length between light and active material. For example, for a Mach-Zehnder EOM published in 2023, the height of the EOM structure was only 400 µm, but the modulation arm was 3 mm long, resulting in a total device length of 5.5 mm [3]. To achieve high integration densities, these dimensions can be critical.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrable thin-film Fabry-Pérot type electro-optic modulator

Rüsseler,

Gehrke,

Kurth

et al. 2024

Advances in Optical Thin Films VIII

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We report on an integrable thin-film Fabry-Pérot type electro-optic modulator (EOM) centered around an electro-optically active so-called guest-host polymer. This polymer material contains novel synthesized chromophore molecules (C3), which are aligned by electro-poling inside an amorphous polycarbonate host-matrix. When integrated into our Fabry-Pérot cavity, the electro-optic activity of the poled material can be observed in the short wavelength near infrared spectral range (approximately 900 nm -1070 nm). We derived a value of ~220 pm/V for its linear electro-optic coefficient at 988 nm from spectral transmission measurements with increasing direct voltages applied to the EOM. The resulting half-wave voltagelength product of the EOM setup is 0.25 Vcm. As an exemplary functional test, we demonstrated an intensity modulation of a 974 nm diode laser by applying ± 11.5 V alternating voltage to the EOM. Due to the all thin-film realization of the EOM setup, it is compatible to the substrate free, miniaturized interference filter fabrication method. With this method, thin-film elements with edge lengths between 25 µm and 2 mm can be fabricated. In combination with the demonstrated low drive voltage, these compact EOM filters are excellent candidates for hybrid integration into photonic platforms, as shown in this contribution.

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High-Performance Mach–Zehnder Modulator Based on Thin-Film Lithium Niobate with Low Voltage-Length Product

Cited by 9 publications

References 38 publications

Performance Analysis of Six Electro-Optical Crystals in a High-Bandwidth Traveling Wave Mach-Zehnder Light Modulator

Performance Analysis of Six Electro-Optical Crystals in a High-Bandwidth Traveling Wave Mach-Zehnder Light Modulator

Compact and Efficient Thin‐Film Lithium Niobate Modulators

Integrable thin-film Fabry-Pérot type electro-optic modulator

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