High‐performance tin‐oxide supercapacitors using hydrazine functionalising assisted by hydrogen plasma treatment

Abstract

For the first time, the effects of adding hydrazine solution to tin‐oxide sol–gel to be used as an electrode in high‐performance supercapacitors have been studied. The mixed solution has been spin‐coated on stainless steel foils as substrates followed by exposing to hydrogen plasma treatment. The results show the effectiveness of adding hydrazine to tin‐oxide sol–gel, compared to pure tin‐oxide sol–gel. The electrochemical tests such as cyclic‐voltammetry and charge–discharge characteristics have been conducted, and the findings demonstrate the favourable contribution of adding hydrazine in increasing the capacitance of the supercapacitor. The physical properties of the tin‐oxide material have been analysed by means of FESEM, XRD, TEM, FT‐IR spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy to have a better understanding of preparation procedure and better insight in material synthesis. The electrochemical tests demonstrate a high capacitance of 18 mF/cm2 for the sample treated with hydrazine during the sol–gel processing which is around 40% higher than the merely prepared tin‐oxide sample. The measured values for the capacitance versus rate show a rather linear correlation between these parameters, further corroborating an electric‐double layer‐based performance for such devices.

Pyrolysis of Corn Husk Enabled with Tin Oxide Nano Particles: Kinetic Studies and Biochar as Electrode Material

“…The specific capacitances of different electrode materials prepared by employing biochar derived from corn husk with and without catalyst at different pyrolysis temperatures is detailed in Table 3. It is observed that the specific capacitance obtained is maximum at 10 mV/s scan rate, owing to the fact that the redox reaction takes place at a slower rate, allowing more cations to diffuse into the bulk material [44] …”

“…It is observed that the specific capacitance obtained is maximum at 10 mV/s scan rate, owing to the fact that the redox reaction takes place at a slower rate, allowing more cations to diffuse into the bulk material. [44] The specific capacitance of the biomass was maximum with the addition of the tin oxide nano particles as catalyst i. e., 205.16 F/g (Table 3) at 10 mV/s. An increasing trend was observed in specific capacitance with an increase in the temperature of pyrolysis.…”

Ni Foam-Supported Tin Oxide Nanowall Array: An Integrated Supercapacitor Anode

“…Among all kinds of metal oxides, tin oxide is considered an ideal anode candidate material for a wide range of applications in gas sensors, solar cells, lithium-ion batteries, as well as electrocatalysts [17][18][19][20]. In particular, tin oxide is noted to be a new active electrode material to manufacture high-performance pseudocapacitors because of its low cost, nontoxicity, superior capacitive behavior and high thermal stability [10,21,22].…”

Oxygen-Deficient Stannic Oxide/Graphene for Ultrahigh-Performance Supercapacitors and Gas Sensors

“…However, carbon nanomaterials such as graphene are prone to agglomeration due to their own characteristics, so the performance improvement effect is not obvious, which greatly limits the advantages of this method [ 24 ]. Fortunately, recent studies have shown that changing the surface properties of metal oxides by creating oxygen vacancies can effectively improve performance, which provides a new idea for the synthesis of metal oxide/carbon composites [ 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ].…”