High-resolution electron energy analyzer with wide acceptance angle for hard X-ray photoelectron holography: integrating PESCATORA and retarding field analyzer

Abstract

Photoelectron holography requires measuring the photoelectron angular distribution across a wide solid angle, typically exceeding ±45°. This necessitates an electron analyzer that offers both a large solid angle and high energy resolution for kinetic energies ranging from several hundred to several thousand eV. Our previously developed high-resolution retarding field analyzer (RFA) achieves excellent energy resolution. However, its close electrode spacing limits operation at high voltages (several thousand eV). To address this limitation, we propose a novel electron analyzer that combines a parallelizing electron lens (PESCATORA) with an RFA. The PESCATORA lens parallelizes the trajectories of photoelectrons. Subsequently, the RFA decelerates and analyzes their energy. This two-stage approach allows for a sufficient distance between the RFA electrodes, enabling high-voltage operation. The resulting analyzer functions as a high-pass filter with a sharp energy cut-off. By incorporating lock-in detection, this system can be further worked as a bandpass electron analyzer.