High Risk COVID-19: Potential Intervention at Multiple Points in the COVID-19 Disease Process Via Prophylactic Treatment with Azithromycin or Bee Derived Products

Block, Janice

doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0013.v1

Cited by 13 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Activity is based on anaphylactic reaction benefits on metabolism and on organelles, especially those of the respiratory system ( 35 ). Allergens may offer benefits against COVID-19 ( 36 , 37 ); BV can induce elevation of specific IgE and IgG antibodies ( 38 ) and leads to production of IgE antibodies, which can respond to a variety of antigens ( 39 ) ( Table 1 ). Although IgE are responsible for allergic outbursts, they also offer host protective roles over a wide range of allergens ( 39 ).…”

Section: Bee Venom Therapymentioning

confidence: 99%

Bee Venom—A Potential Complementary Medicine Candidate for SARS-CoV-2 Infections

Kasozi

Niedbała

Alqarni

et al. 2020

Front. Public Health

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is characterized by severe cytokine storm syndrome following inflammation. SARS-CoV-2 directly interacts with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptors in the human body. Complementary therapies that impact on expression of IgE and IgG antibodies, including administration of bee venom (BV), have efficacy in the management of arthritis, and Parkinson's disease. A recent epidemiological study in China showed that local beekeepers have a level of immunity against SARS-CoV-2 with and without previous exposure to virus. BV anti-inflammatory properties are associated with melittin and phospholipase A2 (PLA2), both of which show activity against enveloped and non-enveloped viruses, including H1N1 and HIV, with activity mediated through antagonist activity against interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Melittin is associated with the underexpression of proinflammatory cytokines, including nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2), and protein kinase Akt. BV therapy also involves group III secretory phospholipase A2 in the management of respiratory and neurological diseases. BV activation of the cellular and humoral immune systems should be explored for the application of complementary medicine for the management of SARS-CoV-2 infections. BV “vaccination” is used to immunize against cytomegalovirus and can suppress metastases through the PLA2 and phosphatidylinositol-(3,4)-bisphosphate pathways. That BV shows efficacy for HIV and H1NI offers opportunity as a candidate for complementary therapy for protection against SARS-CoV-2.

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Section: Bee Venom Therapymentioning

confidence: 99%

Bee Venom—A Potential Complementary Medicine Candidate for SARS-CoV-2 Infections

Kasozi

Niedbała

Alqarni

et al. 2020

Front. Public Health

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“…As regards the tight junction pathway, we detected 4 genes upregulated and 2 downregulated in DS. Even though the net effect of these deregulations cannot be predicted, interestingly, many viruses, including coronaviruses, disrupt epithelial tight junctions of the respiratory tract that serve as a barrier to invaders (72).…”

Section: Host Proteins Interacting With Viral Proteins Are Enriched Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Network analysis of Down syndrome and SARS-CoV-2 identifies risk and protective factors for COVID-19

Toma

Dierssen

2020

Preprint

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Background: SARS-CoV-2 has spread uncontrollably worldwide while we still ignore how particularly vulnerable populations, such as Down syndrome (DS) individuals are affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Individuals with DS have more risk of infections with respiratory complications and present signs of auto-inflammation. They also suffer from multiple comorbidities that are associated with poorer COVID-19 prognosis in the general population. All this might place DS individuals at higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection or poorer clinical outcomes.Methods: In order to get insight into the interplay between DS genes and SARS-cov2 infection and pathogenesis we retrieved the genes belonging to the molecular pathways involved in COVID-19 and the host proteins interacting with viral proteins from SARS-CoV-2. We therefore analyzed the overlaps of these genes with HSA21 genes, HSA21 interactors and other genes consistently differentially expressed in DS (using public transcriptomic datasets) creating a DS-SARS-CoV-2 network.Results: We detected COVID-19 protective and risk factors that might affect the susceptibility of individuals with DS both at the infection stage and in the progression to acute respiratory distress syndrome.Conclusion: Our analysis suggests that at the infection stage DS individuals might be more susceptible to infection due to triplication of TMPRSS2, that primes the viral S protein for entry in the host cells, even though the anti-viral interferon I signaling is upregulated in DS and this might increase the initial anti-viral response. In the second pro-inflammatory immunopathogenic phase of the infection, the prognosis for DS patients might worsen due to upregulation of inflammatory genes that might favor the typical cytokine storm of COVID-19. We also detected strong downregulation of the NLRP3 gene, critical for maintenance of homeostasis against pathogenic infections, possibly leading to bacterial infection complications.

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“…80 The URT is usually the first point of exposure to viral pathogens, hence the modulation of TJ in the mucosal barrier could serve as a potential invasion pathway for pathogens. 81,82 One study observed that the small envelope protein of SARS-CoV binds with the TJ-associated protein PALS1 and delays the formation of the TJ complex, leading to the disruption of lung epithelial morphogenesis. 83 Cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α and IFN-γ, which have been associated with TJ disruption, are elevated in SARS-CoV-2 infection.…”

Section: Disruption Of Tight Junction Protein a Potential Mechanismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies have shown that alterations in transaminase levels in systemic coronaviral infections are transient, and hence may reflect the level of circulating cytokines and the status of immune activation 79 . Considering that histopathological analyses did not identify significant inflammatory damage to the liver, 53,55 it is plausible that liver enzyme alterations in patients infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 are due to bystander hepatitis, which occurs as a secondary response to systemic inflammation by SARS‐CoV‐2.…”

Section: Potential Mechanisms Of Hepatic Abnormalitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 infection and the gut–liver axis

Mohandas

Vairappan

2020

J of Digest Diseases

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Patients affected by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, manifest various gastrointestinal and hepatic abnormalities alongside respiratory disorders. The identification of this virus in the feces of more than 50% of infected individuals indicates the possibility of viral shedding and fecal-to-oral transmission. Preliminary reports have also identified alterations in the intestinal microbiota profile in infected individuals. Moreover, COVID-19 patients manifest various degrees of liver injury characterized by alterations in liver enzymes. Digestive symptoms and liver abnormalities correlate with disease severity, the incidence of critical outcomes and patient's recovery. However, the pathogenic mechanisms behind COVID-19-induced abnormalities in the gut-liver axis seem to be multifactorial in origin. This review compiles current knowledge sourced from preclinical and clinical research and summarizes gastrointestinal and hepatic dysfunctions observed following SARS-CoV-2 infection, and also explores the possible mechanisms generating abnormalities in the gut-liver axis. Furthermore, this review sheds light on possible therapeutic targets against these disorders.

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High Risk COVID-19: Potential Intervention at Multiple Points in the COVID-19 Disease Process Via Prophylactic Treatment with Azithromycin or Bee Derived Products

Cited by 13 publications

References 48 publications

Bee Venom—A Potential Complementary Medicine Candidate for SARS-CoV-2 Infections

Bee Venom—A Potential Complementary Medicine Candidate for SARS-CoV-2 Infections

Network analysis of Down syndrome and SARS-CoV-2 identifies risk and protective factors for COVID-19

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 infection and the gut–liver axis

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