High serum phosphate and triglyceride levels in smoking women and men with CVD risk and type 2 diabetes

Abstract

BackgroundBoth low and high serum phosphate levels may be associated with morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease. As smoking increases risk for type 2 diabetes (as shown by dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia), we wanted to study whether smoking and type 2 diabetes were associated with serum phosphate and triglyceride levels independently from other CVD risk factors.MethodsUpon admittance to the Vindeln Health Education Centre (VHE-centre) for a four-week comprehensive lifestyle intervention, the participants (1408 women and 1096 men) completed a questionnaire that included their smoking habits – current smoker or non-smoker. We used multiple linear regression analyses to investigate the association between smoking and other CVD risk factors with S-P and S-TG levels.ResultsIn the non-type 2 diabetes populations, the smokers, compared to the non-smokers, had higher S-P and higher serum triglycerides (S-TG). In women, serum-TG in smokers with type 2 diabetes was higher than in smokers with non-type 2 diabetes. Non-type 2 diabetes patients exhibited an inverse relation between S-Glucose (S-Glu) and S-P and a positive association with S-TG. For men only, an association was seen between age (-) and S-Crea (-) and S-P. For women only, an association was seen between BMI (-) and S-Cholesterol (+) (S-Chol) and S-P.ConclusionsCompared to non-smokers, smoking women with non-type 2 diabetes and smoking men with type 2 diabetes had a higher level of S-P and S-TG. The association between smoking and S-P and S-TG levels still existed after adjusting for age and CVD risk factors in the multiple linear regression analyses.Trial registrationThe study has been registered as a sub-study to the Lifestyle Intervention Trial no. ISRCTN79355192.

Impact of cigarette smoking on the plasma fatty acid profile and their interaction in determining the burden of subclinical atherosclerosis

“…This was, however, expected because an association between cigarette consumption and triglyceride levels has already been reported [34][35][36][37]. This issue has been at least partially addressed by adjusting all the analyses for triglyceride levels.…”

High serum phosphate concentration as the result of smoking might underlie the lower risk of Parkinson’s disease

“…We found higher levels of S-P and S-TG in smokers compared to non-smokers in both women and men, and we found that these differences still existed after adjusting for age and CVD risk 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 5 factors using multiple linear regression analysis [8]. In a community study, a higher prevalence of smokers was seen in the highest quartile of serum phosphate [9,10].…”

“…In a previous study, we found that women who were former, current, or occasional smokers had the lowest prevalence of PD, a prevalence that differed significantly from women in the control group [8]. The disease process in PD starts several years before the first motor symptoms occur and the PD diagnosis becomes established, but the protecting effect from smoking seems to persist and to be depend on age at onset and duration of PD.…”

“…We have recently reported that smoking gives rise to high S-phosphate in both women and men and that woman have higher S-P than men when considering the increase due to smoking [8]. Another study reveals that women who quit smoking maintained their protection risk against PD [13].…”

Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis on the Health Checkup Data and the Lifestyle Habits of Medicated Residents: A Population-Based Cohort Study

“…Previous studies [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] investigating the relationship between smoking and diabetes mellitus clarified the importance of smoking cessation for risk management of cardiovascular disease.…”