High Serum Tryptophan Concentration in Pollinosis Patients Is Associated with Unresponsiveness to Pollen Extract Therapy

Kositz, Christian; Schroecksnadel, Katharina; Grander, G.; Schennach, Harald; Kofler, Heinz; Fuchs, Dietmar

doi:10.1159/000128584

Cited by 33 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 50 publications

(37 reference statements)

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“…In one study recently completed, although kynurenine/tryptophan levels at baseline predicted emergence of suicidal ideation in patients with mood disorders exposed to environmental levels of tree pollen, the association between changes in kynurenine/tryptophan and suicide ideation was negative rather than positive. This is consistent with a previously reported lower, rather than higher activity of IDO activity in atopic individuals (5), and suggests that activation of IDO does not mediate the association between allergy and affective/behavioral abnormalities. There is a need for multilevel inquiry (epidemiological, clinical, animal, imaging, postmortem) to advance the emerging field of affective neuroimmunology, and uncover novel therapeutic targets in mood disorders and suicide prevention.…”

Section: Anti-inflammatory Effects Of Colostrumsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…All these clinical conditions are known to be linked with inflammation and immune activation and with increased concentrations of neopterin. In a small number of patients after trauma, a correlation between neopterin and Phe concentrations and Phe to Tyr ratio (Phe/Tyr) was described recently (5).…”

Section: Neopterin As a Marker Of Immune System Activation After Admimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Abstracts: 28th International Winter-Workshop on Clinical, Chemical, and Biochemical Aspects of Pteridines

2009

Pteridines

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Chlamydia pneumoniae is an obligatory intracellular bacterium causing acute respiratory infection and chronic inflammatory diseases in humans. The role of C. pneumoniae as well as the role of iron for the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis are under discussion. The influence of iron and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) on immune effector pathways in C. pneumoniae infected endothelial cells and monocytes was investigated.Human endothelial cells (EA.hy923) and monocytic cells (THP-1) were infected with C. pneumoniae and different challenges were added: iron, deferoxamine (DFO) and 1-Methyltryptophan (1-MT), the latter inhibiting the tryptophan degrading enzyme indoleamine-2,3-dioygenase (IDO), before cells were stimulated with IFN-γ or left untreated. The numbers of infected cells as well as inclusion bodies were counted and kynurenine, tryptophan, neopterin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were determined.In EA.hy926 cells iron supplementation and DFO promoted the infection with Chlamydia, while 1-MT and IFN-γ treatment resulted in a significant decrease of infected cells with IFN-γ causing a more sustained reduction. In contrast, THP1 cells revealed a significant decrease of inclusion numbers with DFO and 1-MT and even more for iron. The activity of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase, the secretion of neopterin and TNF-α formation were not significantly different between iron-enriched, iron-deprived and IDOinhibited THP-1-cells upon IFN-γ-stimulation, respectively. In endothelial EA.hy923 cells IDO was inducible after sole infection with Chlamydia as well as additional stimulation with IFN-γ. Neopterin concentrations were rather low and were unaffected by the various challenges.The proliferation of C. pneumoniae is differently affected upon IDO inhibition and iron restriction between endothelial and monocytic cells. While C. pneumoniae within endohelial cells appears to be dependent on a sufficient exogenous supply of iron and tryptophan these pathways appear to be less important for Chlamydia residing within monocytes. In the last decades the preparation, the preservation and at least the offer of food have led to changes in quantity and quality of food consumption. A few of different techniques were developed to preserve aliments. One widely diffused technique is the addition of antioxidants, e.g. sodium sulfite (E221), sodium benzoate (E211) and food colorants, e.g. curcumin (E100) to food. These food additives prevent the growth of bacteria and other microorganisms. Furthermore, changes of lifestyle including overnutrition and physical inactivity have led to a rise of severe obesity. Leptin, an adipocytokine, which is secreted mainly by adipocytes, is produced in proportion to fat stores. Circulating leptin serves to communicate the state of body energy repletion to the central nervous system (CNS) in order to suppress food intake. Furthermore, it is involved in the homeostasis of energy limiting the accumulation of triglycerides in liver and skeletal muscle and modulating pancreatic β-cells function. The aim of this s...

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Section: Anti-inflammatory Effects Of Colostrumsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Neopterin As a Marker Of Immune System Activation After Admimentioning

confidence: 99%

Abstracts: 28th International Winter-Workshop on Clinical, Chemical, and Biochemical Aspects of Pteridines

2009

Pteridines

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Section: Altered Ido Expression and Activity In Pollinosis And Allergmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Further, patients with the highest trp levels at baseline showed a less efficient response to specific immunotherapy (54). These results together with the observation that SIT normalizes trp concentrations in patients with allergic rhinitis (54) suggests that the activity of IDO is lower in symptomatic individuals with allergic rhinitis than in nonatopics or asymptomatic atopics. Nitric oxide synthase is induced upon inflammation, and it is very likely that the ensuing production of nitric oxide (NO) in symptomatic atopics decelerates the expression and activity of the heme enzyme IDO in these patients (55).…”

Section: Altered Ido Expression and Activity In Pollinosis And Allergmentioning

confidence: 95%

The indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO) pathway controls allergy

Bubnoff

Bieber

2012

Allergy

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A series of recent studies have demonstrated that the immunoregulatory pathway of tryptophan catabolism, initiated by the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), is a critical participant in allergic inflammation. Originally known for its regulatory function during pregnancy and during chronic inflammation in tumorigenesis and infection, the activity of IDO seems to positively modify the inflammatory state of atopy or allergy. The tryptophan degradation pathway is important for tolerance induction during systemic allergen immunotherapy. Here, we focus on recent findings that establish the IDO pathway as central to allergic inflammation.The indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) pathway has been found to contribute substantially to the control of allergic inflammation. Traditionally recognized for its immunomodulatory role in infection, pregnancy, autoimmunity, and neoplasia, the effect of IDO on allergy appears to be a another piece of puzzle in the 'hygiene hypothesis'. Early microbial exposure and thus the stimulation of the IDO pathway by distinct Toll-like receptors (TLR) may, together with other immunoregulatory pathways, shape the predisposition to and determine the outcome of allergic inflammation, autoimmunity, and probably other diseases. Current data suggest that a normal induction of IDO activity, which decreases serum tryptophan (trp) levels and increases the levels of trp metabolites, controls the allergic inflammation. The mechanism of IDO-induced tolerance induction can probably be manifold but the induction of regulatory T cells may be a major aspect of the control function over allergic inflammation. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the IDO pathway and its role in regulating immune functions with a focus on allergic diseases.Tryptophan and its degradation pathways: indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO)As an essential amino acid, tryptophan (trp) is a constituent of proteins. Inadequate dietary intake of trp and other essential amino acids can lead to a negative nitrogen balance and to a loss of muscle mass, brain size, and weight (1). Trp is an essential starting point of two biochemical pathways: (i) the enzyme tryptophan 5-hydroxylase converts trp into 5-hydroxytryptophan, which is subsequently decarboxylized to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin), an essential neurotransmitter and vasoconstrictor, and (ii) two atoms of the molecular oxygen are inserted into L-trp to form N-formylkynurenine, the first and rate-limiting step in the kynurenine pathway (Fig. 1) (2, 3). The activation of molecular oxygen and its insertion into trp are catalyzed by three

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“…And there is also evidence from patients with allergy and asthma that disturbed Th2- over Th1-type immunity is reflected in an abnormal tryptophan metabolism: patients with allergic asthma and rhinitis present with higher tryptophan concentrations, and this is particularly true out of season [92,93,94,95]. Moreover, patients with the highest tryptophan levels did not respond to pollen extract therapy [94].…”

Section: In Vivo Correlatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Role of Antioxidant Food Supplements, Preservatives and Colorants in the Pathogenesis of Allergy and Asthma

Zaknun

Schroecksnadel²,

Kurz

et al. 2011

Int Arch Allergy Immunol

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A significant increase in the incidence of allergy and asthma has been observed during the past decades. The background of this phenomenon has not been well explained, but changes in lifestyle and habits are heavily discussed as contributing factors. Among these is a too clean environment, which may predispose individuals to increased sensitivity to allergic responses. Also the increase in dietary supplements including preservatives and colorants may contribute to this. In vitro, we and others have shown in freshly isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells that antioxidant compounds like vitamins C and E as well as food preservatives and colorants exert significant suppressive effects on the Th1 immune activation cascade. The effects observed may be based on the interaction of antioxidant compounds with proinflammatory cascades involving important signal transduction elements such as nuclear factor-ĸB. Although only obtained in vitro, these results show an anti-inflammatory property of compounds which could shift the Th1-Th2-type immune balance towards Th2-type immunity. This review article discusses the potential role of increased use of antioxidant food supplements as well as preservatives and colorants in the increase in allergy and asthma in the Western world.

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High Serum Tryptophan Concentration in Pollinosis Patients Is Associated with Unresponsiveness to Pollen Extract Therapy

Cited by 33 publications

References 50 publications

Abstracts: 28th International Winter-Workshop on Clinical, Chemical, and Biochemical Aspects of Pteridines

Abstracts: 28th International Winter-Workshop on Clinical, Chemical, and Biochemical Aspects of Pteridines

The indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO) pathway controls allergy

Potential Role of Antioxidant Food Supplements, Preservatives and Colorants in the Pathogenesis of Allergy and Asthma

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