High-Speed Trains Access Connectivity Through RIS-Assisted FSO Communications

Agheli, Pouya; Beyranvand, Hamzeh; Emadi, Mohammad Javad

doi:10.1109/jlt.2022.3199608

Cited by 16 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…We evaluated the BER performance of our proposed model using the commonly employed OOK modulation technique. Furthermore, in order to conduct a fair comparison with the models presented in [30], which involve an intermediate node between the transmitter and receiver, we evaluated the BER performance using the 4-PAM modulation technique for these models to maintain similar throughput. In the case of OOK, each time slot represents one bit since our model is a direct FSO system.…”

Section: Numerical Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For weak-to-moderate turbulence conditions, the intensity fluctuation is modeled as a log-normal distribution. For strong turbulence conditions, a Gamma-Gamma distribution is used for the atmospheric fading model (we agree that the adaptation of the LN and GG channels was necessary for a fair comparison with the models in the literature [30], as these models also consider these channels. By employing consistent channel models, we can accurately compare the performance and advantages of different systems).…”

Section: Atmospheric Turbulencementioning

confidence: 91%

“…Their objective was to address network layer handover challenges by examining the performance of optical amplify and forward and optical-electronical-optical regenerate and forward schemes. Pouya et al [30] proposed an RIS-assisted FSO communication system for HSTs; the proposed system achieved a higher data rate for both fixed-oriented reflection and dynamic-oriented reflection scenarios of RIS.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Next-Generation Dual Transceiver FSO Communication System for High-Speed Trains in Neom Smart City

Elsawy,

Alatawi,

Abaza

et al. 2024

Photonics

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Smart cities like Neom require efficient and reliable transportation systems to support their vision of sustainable and interconnected urban environments. High-speed trains (HSTs) play a crucial role in connecting different areas of the city and facilitating seamless mobility. However, to ensure uninterrupted communication along the rail lines, advanced communication systems are essential to expand the coverage range of each base station (BS) while reducing the handover frequency. This paper presents the dual transceiver free space optical (FSO) communication system as a solution to achieve these objectives in the operational environment of HSTs in Neom city. Our channel model incorporates log-normal (LN) and gamma–gamma (GG) distributions to represent channel impairments and atmospheric turbulence in the city. Furthermore, we integrated the siding loop model, providing valuable insights into the system in real-world scenarios. To assess the system’s performance, we formulated the received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the network under assumed fading conditions. Additionally, we analyzed the system’s bit error rate (BER) analytically and through Monte Carlo simulation. A comparative analysis with reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) and relay-assisted FSO communications shows the superior coverage area and efficiency of the dual transceiver model. A significant reduction of up to 76% and 99% in the number of required BSs compared to RIS and relay, respectively, is observed. This reduction leads to fewer handovers and lower capital expenditure (CAPEX) costs.

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Section: Numerical Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Atmospheric Turbulencementioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Next-Generation Dual Transceiver FSO Communication System for High-Speed Trains in Neom Smart City

Elsawy,

Alatawi,

Abaza

et al. 2024

Photonics

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“…IRSs were first explored in the context of radio communication, see e.g., comprehensive surveys in [150,151]. They were later applied to optical communication [152][153][154][155][156][157][158][159]. RF and optical-based RIS differ significantly in terms of their materials, operating range, and structural design.…”

Section: Ris For Fso-based Ntnmentioning

confidence: 99%

Free Space Optical Communication: An Enabling Backhaul Technology for 6G Non-Terrestrial Networks

Elamassie,

Uysal

2023

Photonics

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The deployment of non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) is envisioned to achieve global coverage for 6G and beyond. In addition to space nodes, aerial NTN nodes such as high-altitude platform stations (HAPSs) and rotary-wing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) could be deployed, based on the intended coverage and operational altitude requirements. NTN nodes have the potential to support both wireless access and backhauling. While the onboard base station provides wireless access for the end users, the backhauling link connects the airborne/space-borne base station to the core network. With its high data transmission capability comparable to fiber optics and its ability to operate in the interference-free optical spectrum, free space optical (FSO) communication is ideally suited to backhauling requirements in NTNs. In this paper, we present a comprehensive tutorial on airborne FSO backhauling. We first delve into the fundamentals of FSO signal transmission and discuss aspects such as geometrical loss, atmospheric attenuation, turbulence-induced fading, and pointing errors, all of which are critical for determining received signal levels and related link budget calculations. Then, we discuss the requirements of airborne backhaul system architectures, based on use cases. While single-layer backhaul systems are sufficient for providing coverage in rural areas, multi-layer designs are typically required to establish connectivity in urban areas, where line of sight (LoS) links are harder to maintain. We review physical layer design principles for FSO-based airborne links, discussing both intensity modulation/direct detection (IM/DD) and coherent modulation/coherent demodulation (CM/CD). Another critical design criteria for airborne backhauling is self-sustainability, which is further discussed in our paper. We conclude the paper by discussing current challenges and future research directions. In this context, we discuss reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) and spatial division multiplexing (SDM), for improved performance and an extended transmission range. We emphasize the importance of advanced handover techniques and scalability issues for practical implementation. We also highlight the growing role of artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML) and their potential applications in the design and optimization of future FSO-based NTNs.

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“…In this fashion, many lasing technologies are commercially available and enabling many interesting networking scenarios. Further, FSO has recently been proposed as a solution for many different emerging applications such as high-speed rail connectivity [31][32][33], high altitude platforms [34], and optical satellite communications [35][36][37] to name a few. In addition, FSO can be seen as a prospective solution for rapid and cost-efficient creation of new mobile cells to support high-bandwidth services where the provision of broadband technologies has not been feasible so far.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond 5G Fronthaul Based on FSO Using Spread Spectrum Codes and Graphene Modulators

Neves

Sanches

Nobrega

et al. 2023

Sensors

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High data rate coverage, security, and energy efficiency will play a key role in the continued performance scaling of next-generation mobile systems. Dense, small mobile cells based on a novel network architecture are part of the answer. Motivated by the recent mounting interest in free-space optical (FSO) technologies, this paper addresses a novel mobile fronthaul network architecture based on FSO, spread spectrum codes, and graphene modulators for the creation of dense small cells. The network uses an energy-efficient graphene modulator to send data bits to be coded with spread codes for achieving higher security before their transmission to remote units via high-speed FSO transmitters. Analytical results show the new fronthaul mobile network can accommodate up to 32 remote antennas under error-free transmissions with forward error correction. Furthermore, the modulator is optimized to provide maximum efficiency in terms of energy consumption per bit. The optimization procedure is carried out by optimizing both the amount of graphene used on the ring resonator and the modulator’s design. The optimized graphene modulator is used in the new fronthaul network and requires as low as 4.6 fJ/bit while enabling high-speed performance up to 42.6 GHz and remarkably using one-quarter of graphene only.

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High-Speed Trains Access Connectivity Through RIS-Assisted FSO Communications

Cited by 16 publications

References 41 publications

Next-Generation Dual Transceiver FSO Communication System for High-Speed Trains in Neom Smart City

Next-Generation Dual Transceiver FSO Communication System for High-Speed Trains in Neom Smart City

Free Space Optical Communication: An Enabling Backhaul Technology for 6G Non-Terrestrial Networks

Beyond 5G Fronthaul Based on FSO Using Spread Spectrum Codes and Graphene Modulators

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