High Temperature Experimental Investigations and Thermodynamic Modelling in the FeTiO
 3
 ‐Ti
 2
 O
 3
 ‐TiO
 2
 Ternary Slag System

Seim, Stian; Kolbeinsen, Leiv; Jung, In‐Ho

doi:10.1002/9781118364765.ch23

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…The aluminium is contained in the slag in combination mainly with calcium oxide and other stable oxides that might be in the ore, see Figure 3. In its original design this process step was an electric smelting furnace, but it is possible to proceed this with a prereduction process as in the Titania slag production at TTI in Tyssedal, Norway [46,47]. -Reduction of iron oxides can be done with coal as presently at TTI, but TTI are developing hydrogen based prereduction in their operation, and naturally the same option is considered in the Ensureal work where also charcoal is looked at.…”

Section: The Pedersen Process -Ensurealmentioning

confidence: 99%

The beginning and the end of the aluminium value chain

Kolbeinsen¹

2020

Matériaux & Techniques

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Metallic aluminium does not naturally occur in nature, and it was largely unknown, virtually a mystery, until 200 years ago. The modern aluminium production using a hydrometallurgical refining process for making alumina followed by electrolysis of this mineral was first developed in 1886 and, in principle, the same technology is still used to this day. About 90% of alumina refineries in the world use the Bayer process for refining Bauxite ore. It is very efficient, but it can only be used on high quality bauxite with low content of admixtures, especially silicon. The Bayer process also generates a Bauxite Residue (BR), maybe better known as Red Mud (RM) which is a thick red-brown, high-basicity paste consisting of silicon, iron, aluminium, titanium and others. The International Institute of Aluminium estimates that since 1886 almost a billion tonnes of aluminium were produced around the world with three fourths of this amount still being in use today, of which about 35% is located in buildings and structures, 30% in electric cables and equipment and 30% in transport. Aluminium scrap is collected all over the world. In the home, it mostly consists of aluminium beverage cans. It is claimed that 1 ton of recycled empty beverage cans save 8 tons of bauxite, 4 kg of various fluorides and 14 kWh of electricity. Additionally, recycling aluminium significantly reduces the negative environmental impact of ever-expanding RM landfills. As the idea of environmental responsibility is gaining more and more traction, separate household scrap recycling is becoming more and more popular around the world. How challenges related to such activity can be met will be the main topic of this paper alongside discussing new developments for alumina production without RM generation.

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Section: The Pedersen Process -Ensurealmentioning

confidence: 99%