High-temperature sorbents for Hg, Cd, Pb, and other trace metals: Mechanisms and applications

Wendt, Jost O.L.; Lee, Sung Jun

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2009.01.028

Cited by 83 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…It is most likely that part of the vaporized Cd has been reacted with the injected kaolinite particles, which are mostly particles larger than 2.5 μm. The presence of such reactions has been observed in [20], where kaolinite was found to react with vaporized Cd.…”

Section: Volatility Of CD and Pbmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Furthermore, with the addition of Cl-based additives, the distribution of vaporized Pb compounds may be shifted from PbO to PbCl 2 /PbCl. This transition may inhibit the reactions between vaporized Pb and coal minerals such as kaolinite [1,20,31], and cause a shift of the reaction mechanism to the condensation mechanism, which would also increase the RE factor of Pb.…”

Section: Volatility Of CD and Pbmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After being vaporized from the fuel, the trace elements may undergo reactions both with the ash particles and the gaseous species in the flue gas [19,20]. The reactions between the vaporized trace elements and the ash particles constitute an important mechanism for the retention of trace elements in large fly ash particles that are easier to be captured by the air pollution control systems [1,2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The reactions between the vaporized trace elements and the ash particles constitute an important mechanism for the retention of trace elements in large fly ash particles that are easier to be captured by the air pollution control systems [1,2]. Typical examples are the reactions between trace elements such as Cd and Pb and aluminosilicates such as kaolinite [20]. Such reactions occur primarily on the particle external surface and may result in trace element concentration in the ash particle being proportional to 1/d p (particle diameter) [1,[21][22][23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the effect of additives such as NaCl, PVC, ammonium sulphate, and kaolinite on the behavior of trace elements was investigated. These additives were selected since they may have notable effect on the partitioning of trace elements [19,20]. Therefore the results from the present work could provide suggestions for trace element emission control in co-combustion of coal and SRF, through a systematic assessment of the behavior of trace elements at different fuel conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trace elements in co-combustion of solid recovered fuel and coal

Glarborg

Frandsen

et al. 2013

Fuel Processing Technology

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Trace element partitioning in co-combustion of a bituminous coal and a solid recovered fuel (SRF) was studied in an entrained flow reactor. The experiments were carried out at conditions similar to pulverized coal combustion, with SRF shares of 7.9 wt.% (wet basis), 14.8 wt.% and 25.0 wt.%. In addition, the effect of additives such as NaCl, PVC, ammonium sulphate, and kaolinite on trace element partitioning was investigated. The trace elements studied were As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Sb and Zn, since these elements were significantly enriched in SRF as compared to coal. During the experiments, bottom ash was collected in a chamber, large fly ash particles were collected by a cyclone with a cut-off diameter of~2.5 μm, and the remaining fly ash particles were gathered in a filter. It was found that when coal was co-fired with SRF, the As, Cd, Pb, Sb and Zn content in filter ash/cyclone ash increased almost linearly with their content in fuel ash. This linear tendency was affected when the fuels were mixed with additives. The volatility of trace elements during combustion was assessed by applying a relative enrichment (RE) factor, and TEM-EDS analysis was conducted to provide qualitative interpretations. The results indicated that As, Cd, Pb, Sb and Zn were highly volatile when co-firing coal and SRF, whereas the volatility of Cr was relatively low. Compared with coal combustion, co-firing of coal and SRF slightly enhanced the volatility of Cd, Pb and Zn, but reduced the volatility of Cr and Sb. The Cl-based additives increased the volatility of Cd, Pb and As, whereas addition of ammonium sulphate generally decreased the volatility of trace elements. Addition of kaolinite reduced the volatility of Pb, while the influence on other trace elements was insignificant. The results from the present work imply that trace element emission would be significantly increased when coal is co-fired with SRF, which may greatly enhance the toxicity of the dusts from coal-fired power plant. In order to minimize trace element emission in co-combustion, in addition to lowering the trace element content in SRF, utilizing SRF with low Cl content and coal with high S and aluminosilicates content would be desirable.

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Section: Volatility Of CD and Pbmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Volatility Of CD and Pbmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trace elements in co-combustion of solid recovered fuel and coal

Glarborg

Frandsen

et al. 2013

Fuel Processing Technology

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Novel Capture Technologies: Non‐carbon Sorbents and Photochemical Oxidations

Uffalussy

Granite

2014

Mercury Control

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Kaolinite induced control of particulate lead and cadmium emissions during fluidized bed waste incineration

Huang

Wang

Liu

et al. 2017

Asia-Pacific J Chem Eng

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Kaolinite was utilized as in-furnace sorbent to control submicron lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) emissions during waste incineration in a fluidized bed furnace. The secondary combustion chamber temperature ranged from 850 to 1000°C. The metal capture was investigated for aspects of chemical reaction, physical conglutination and control performance of submicron metal emission. Pb reacted with kaolinite and caused conglutination of nanoscale metal particles at a lower temperature than Cd. Emission control of submicron Pb was far more effective than that of submicron Cd, particularly below 950°C. For both Pb and Cd, there was capture limitation and an increase of kaolinite fraction above 3% could not further reduce the submicron metal emission. According to toxicity factors (5 Pb = 1 Cd) and the leaching fraction of submicron particles, the comprehensive performance of kaolinite was evaluated and numerous contradictory results were obtained.

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High-temperature sorbents for Hg, Cd, Pb, and other trace metals: Mechanisms and applications

Cited by 83 publications

References 13 publications

Trace elements in co-combustion of solid recovered fuel and coal

Trace elements in co-combustion of solid recovered fuel and coal

Novel Capture Technologies: Non‐carbon Sorbents and Photochemical Oxidations

Kaolinite induced control of particulate lead and cadmium emissions during fluidized bed waste incineration

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