High-temperature X-ray Imaging Study of Simulated High-level Waste Glass Melt

Okamoto, Yoshihiro; Nakada, Masami; Akabori, Mitsuo; Komamine, Satoshi; Fukui, Toshiki; Ochi, Eiji; Nitani, Hiroaki; Nomura, Masaharu

doi:10.5796/electrochemistry.81.543

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…For example, using gibbsite instead of corundum as an alumina source produced substantially less foaming, thus increasing the melting rate . The structure and reactions of simulated waste feeds in the cold cap were nondestructively investigated for the size and spatial distribution of bubbles and insoluble residues by X‐ray imaging techniques . The kinetics of the feed‐to‐glass conversion was modeled as a series of independent multiple overlapping n th‐order reactions, the parameters of which were obtained by fitting model equations to thermal analysis data .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…25 The structure and reactions of simulated waste feeds in the cold cap were nondestructively investigated for the size and spatial distribution of bubbles and insoluble residues by X-ray imaging techniques. 26,27 The kinetics of the feed-to-glass conversion was modeled as a series of independent multiple overlapping nth-order reactions, the parameters of which were obtained by fitting model equations to thermal analysis data. 28,29 More recent work employed evolved gas analysis (EGA) via quantitative gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify evolution kinetics of each gas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Melter Feed Reactions at T ≤ 700°C for Nuclear Waste Vitrification

Hrma

Rice

et al. 2015

J. Am. Ceram. Soc.

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To understand feed‐to‐glass conversion for the vitrification of nuclear waste, we investigated batch reactions and phase transitions in a simulated nuclear waste glass melter feed heated at 5 K/min up to 700°C using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction. To determine the content and composition of leachable phases, we performed leaching tests; the leachates were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. By 400°C, gibbsite and sodium borates lost water and converted to amorphous phase, whereas other metallic hydroxides dehydrated to oxides. Between 400°C and 700°C, carbonates decomposed before 500°C; amorphous aluminum oxide and calcium oxide reacted with the sodium borate and formed the more durable amorphous borate phase along with intermediate crystalline products; above 500°C, quartz began to dissolve, and hematite started to convert to trevorite.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Melter Feed Reactions at T ≤ 700°C for Nuclear Waste Vitrification

Hrma

Rice

et al. 2015

J. Am. Ceram. Soc.

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“…The morphology and dynamics of the foam layer are still a topic of intensive research. 44,[50][51][52][53][54] One of the unanswered questions is whether the foam layer bottom has a form of a sharp melt-foam interface or whether it is turbulent like a boiling liquid. Regardless of the shape and dynamics of the cold-cap bottom, it is necessary to define the cold-cap bottom temperature to allow the coupling of the cold-cap model with the CFD model of a melter.…”

Section: Primary Foam Layermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The morphology and dynamics of the foam layer are still a topic of intensive research 44,50–54 . One of the unanswered questions is whether the foam layer bottom has a form of a sharp melt‐foam interface or whether it is turbulent like a boiling liquid.…”

Section: Cold‐cap Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Cold‐cap structure in a slurry‐fed electric melter

Ferkl,

Hrma,

Kloužek

et al. 2023

Int J of Appl Glass Sci

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As glass batch is charged into an electric melter, a cold cap forms on the glass melt surface. Heat transfer to the cold cap from the molten glass below and the melter atmosphere above determines the melting rate. A mathematical model of the cold cap and the experimental kinetic data of the feed‐to‐glass conversion that were collected for several simulated low‐activity and high‐level waste melter feeds allowed us to develop relationships between the internal structure of the cold cap, its properties, its thickness, and the internal heat transfer. This contribution shows the distribution of major crystalline phases and the cumulative evolution of gases within the cold cap. It also examines the temperature, conversion degree, and heating rate the melter feed is experiencing during the passage through the cold cap and their effects on the cold‐cap bottom temperature and morphology, which are important for the computational fluid dynamics simulations of melters.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

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Achieving High Operating‐Temperature Self‐powered X‐Ray Detection in Multilayered Hybrid Perovskites through Arylamine Intercalation

Li,

Zhu,

et al. 2024

Small

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Polar metal halide hybrid perovskites (PHPs) that exhibit outstanding bulk photovoltaic effect (BPVE), excellent semiconductor features, and strong radiation absorption ability, have shown prominent advantages in highly sensitive direct X‐ray detection. However, it is still a challenge to explore PHPs with high BPVE temperature ranges, answering the demand of developing thermally stable passive X‐ray detection. Herein, by intercalating arylamine into lead tribromide and inducing order‐disorder phase transition, a 2D multilayered PHPs (BZA)2(MA)Pb2Br7 (BZPB, BZA = benzylamine, MA = methylamine) is synthesized. BZPB crystallizes in a polar space group Aea2 at a low‐temperature phase and demonstrates a significant open‐circuit of 0.3 V deriving from BPVE under X‐ray irradiation. Meanwhile, the strong X‐ray absorption coefficient and outstanding carrier transport capability of the bilayered lead halide framework associated with the polar BPVE give BZPB excellent X‐ray detection abilities. At 0 V bias, the impressive sensitivity of BZPB is 98 µC Gy−1 cm−2. Importantly, the introduction of the rigid BZA ring increases the energy barrier of phase transition and thus dramatically enhances the X‐ray detection operating temperature of BZPB up to 409 K without significant performance degradation. This work strongly reveals the great potential of rational design of metal halide hybrid perovskites for X‐ray detection applications.

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High-temperature X-ray Imaging Study of Simulated High-level Waste Glass Melt

Cited by 9 publications

References 3 publications

Melter Feed Reactions at T ≤ 700°C for Nuclear Waste Vitrification

Melter Feed Reactions at T ≤ 700°C for Nuclear Waste Vitrification

Cold‐cap structure in a slurry‐fed electric melter

Achieving High Operating‐Temperature Self‐powered X‐Ray Detection in Multilayered Hybrid Perovskites through Arylamine Intercalation

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