“…Using equation ( 2) and the δ 18 O aw values calculated from turtles and crocodilians, those temperatures range from 12 to 22°C (mean value: 17 ± 10°C, 2 s.d., n = 2), which would be expected of a freshwater tropical environment and further indicates that those fish were also autochthonous. The measured δ 18 O p values in Tiupampa fauna are high and comparable to those measured in the terrestrial ecosystems of the Songliao basin (mean δ 18 O = 22.20 ± 1.65 ‰, 2 s.d., n = 57; Huang et al, 2013;Gao et al, 2015;Zhang et al, 2018) and Nanxiong basin (mean δ 18 O = 24.53± 1.92 ‰, 2 s.d., n = 6; Yin et al, 2023, but not as high as those measured in desertic environments (Lécuyer et al, 1999;Schoeninger et al, 2000), therefore being more in line with a dry environment. The δ 18 O aw values are also in accordance with climatic conditions measured nowadays in Pakistan or South China, with a mean annual temperature around 20°C and a mean precipitation of a few hundred millimeters per year (IAEA, 2022).…”