High-uncertainty audio signal encryption based on the Collatz conjecture

Renza, Diego; Mendoza, Sebastian; Ballesteros, Miguel

doi:10.1016/j.jisa.2019.02.010

Cited by 21 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Likewise, the proposed scheme presented a null correlation between the original and encrypted signal, and consequently the scheme presented a low probability against statistical attacks. Not given 0.000236 Not given [10] 3.4 × 10 80 Not given −0.000198 Not given [20] 2 256 Not given 0.002000 Not given [12] ( In terms of computational cost in the recovery process, the proposed approach was compared to a similar method using variable length codes obtained through a binarization process based on the Collatz Conjecture [12]. For this comparison, all 85 test signals were used, coded, and then decoded.…”

Section: Comparison With Other Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spreading-Based Voice Encryption by Means of OVSF Codes

2019

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This paper presents a new methodology to encrypt voice signals, in such a way that they simulate being a noise signal. The objective is to obtain a signal that does not generate suspicions about its content, while protecting the message. The process is based on the spread and scrambling of the signal through the use of OVSF (orthogonal variable spreading factor) codes. The security of the method is based mainly on the input value used for the randomization phase. From a computational cost point of view, the use of fixed-length codes allows for a shorter retrieval time compared to a similar method based on variable-length codes. Regarding the encrypted signal, its main characteristic is its high entropy (very close to the ideal value). Finally, in the recovery process, a signal identical to the original is obtained.

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Section: Comparison With Other Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, an encryption technique for audio signals based on the Collatz conjecture has been proposed in [12]. The authors use a coding process using variable length codes based on the Collatz conjecture.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spreading-Based Voice Encryption by Means of OVSF Codes

2019

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“…Since it is mathematically impossible to design a hash function without collisions, it is important to test the proposed function to determine its variability. The theoretical value of the collision probability can be calculated through Equation (9) [24],…”

Section: Collision Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Mobile-Oriented System for Integrity Preserving in Audio Forensics

2019

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This paper addresses a problem in the field of audio forensics. With the aim of providing a solution that helps Chain of Custody (CoC) processes, we propose an integrity verification system that includes capture (mobile based), hash code calculation and cloud storage. When the audio is recorded, a hash code is generated in situ by the capture module (an application), and it is sent immediately to the cloud. Later, the integrity of the audio recording given as evidence can be verified according to the information stored in the cloud. To validate the properties of the proposed scheme, we conducted several tests to evaluate if two different inputs could generate the same hash code (collision resistance), and to evaluate how much the hash code changes when small changes occur in the input (sensitivity analysis). According to the results, all selected audio signals provide different hash codes, and these values are very sensitive to small changes over the recorded audio. On the other hand, in terms of computational cost, less than 2 s per minute of recording are required to calculate the hash code. With the above results, our system is useful to verify the integrity of audio recordings that may be relied on as digital evidence.

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“…[2]Data format Raw: encrypted audio files (wav) Analyzed data (xlsx) Experimental factors 50 speakers, 10 different messages Experimental features All encrypted data were obtained with the same encryption process Data source location Colombia Data accessibility Repository name: Mendeley Data name: Encrypted audio files [1] Direct URL to data: https://doi.org/10.17632/3vwwv3xhhc.1Related research article D. Renza, S. Mendoza, D.M. Ballesteros L., High-uncertainty audio signal encryption based on the Collatz conjecture, Journal of Information Security and Applications, Volume 46, 2019, Pages 62–69 [2]…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Ballesteros L., High-uncertainty audio signal encryption based on the Collatz conjecture, Journal of Information Security and Applications, Volume 46, 2019, Pages 62–69 [2]…”

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confidence: 99%

Encrypted audio dataset based on the Collatz conjecture

2019

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In information security, one way to keep a secret content is through encryption. The objective is to alter the content so that it is not intelligible, and therefore only the intended user can reveal the secret content. With the aim to provide examples of encrypted audio data, we applied a novel method of encryption based on the Collatz conjecture in five hundred speech recordings (50 speakers, 10 different messages), and then five hundred encrypted audio files were obtained. The main characteristics of our encrypted recordings are as follows: the spectrogram is quasi-uniform, histograms have a repetitive pattern, average of samples is around −0.4, standard deviation is around 0.55; Shannon entropy is around 7.5 (for 8-bits per sample). The novelty of the results consists in obtaining a completely different behavior than natural speech recordings, i.e.: spectrogram with higher energy in low frequencies, histogram with Gaussian behavior, average of samples around 0, standard deviation around 0.11, entropy around 5.5. A more comprehensive analysis of our encrypted signals may be obtained from the article “High-uncertainty audio signal encryption based on the Collatz conjecture” in the Journal of Information Security and Applications.

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High-uncertainty audio signal encryption based on the Collatz conjecture

Cited by 21 publications

References 13 publications

Spreading-Based Voice Encryption by Means of OVSF Codes

Spreading-Based Voice Encryption by Means of OVSF Codes

A Mobile-Oriented System for Integrity Preserving in Audio Forensics

Encrypted audio dataset based on the Collatz conjecture

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