High wintertime particulate matter pollution over an offshore island (Kinmen) off southeastern China: An overview

Hsu, Shih Chieh; Liu, S. C.; Tsai, Fujung; Engling, Guenter; Lin, I‐I; Chou, Charles C.‐K.; Kao, Shuh Ji; Lung, Shih-Chun Candice; Chan, Chia-Tai; Lin, Shuai; Huang, Jing; Chi, K. H.; Chen, Wei-Nai; Lin, Fei-Jan; Huang, Chao-Hao; Kuo, Cheng-Ling; Wu, Tong; Huang, Yen-Hsiang

doi:10.1029/2009jd013641

Cited by 69 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…Median V concentrations of 30.7 µg L -1 at KM were at least three times higher than at the other sites. The main sources of Selenium are fossil fuel combustion, waste incineration, copper refineries as well as chemical and glass industries (Ranville et al, 2010;Hsu et al, 2010). The Se concentrations showed a strongly positive correlation to the SO 4 2-concentrations supporting the hypothesis of common sources.…”

Section: Ion and Metal Concentrations In Fog Watermentioning

confidence: 57%

“…The air at KM has been described to be heavily polluted by industrial emissions from Mainland China (Hsu et al 2010). During the field campaign from the end of March to mid-April, air masses during foggy conditions were exclusively advected from the Southeast and the South.…”

Section: Comparison Of Chemical Characteristics Between the Sitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Island is located close to Fujian Province, China, and therefore rather directly exposed to pollution transport from Mainland China (Lee et al, 2011). The region is marked by a marine climate (Hsu et al, 2010), with an annual mean temperature of 20.9°C, with the maximum in August and the minimum in January. The average annual precipitation is 1072 mm and is concentrated between April and September.…”

Section: Site Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The so-called summer monsoon is associated with a southwesterly flow and typically lasts from May until early September, while the northeast winter monsoon lasts from September until about March. Further, typhoons quite frequently hit Taiwan between the months of August and October (Lai et al, 2006;Hsu et al, 2010), leading to an average annual precipitation of more than 3000 mm. The average annual air temperature is 12.7°C (Lai et al, 2006).…”

Section: Site Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Organic ions were not measured. Chemical analysis of fog water was conducted at the Institute of Landscape Ecology at the University of Münster in Germany (Beiderwieden et al, 2007) for CLM and LABS, at the Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences at National Tsing Hua University in Taiwan for XT, and at the Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei in Taiwan (Hsu et al, 2010) for KM. All samples were filtered directly before analysis.…”

Section: Chemical Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chemical Composition of Fog Water at Four Sites in Taiwan

Šimon

Klemm

El-Madany

et al. 2016

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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This study characterizes and compares the chemical composition of fog water at four sites in Taiwan. Fog was sampled with identical active fog collectors (modified Caltech design) using identical sampling strategies at all four sites. While the sites varied largely in terms of altitude above mean sea level (asl), type of fog, and the potential sources of constituents in fog water, the chemical composition of fog water was in all cases clearly dominated by H + , NH 4 + , NO 3 -and SO 4 2-, making up more than 85% of the total ion concentrations. The pH ranged from 2.27 to 5.95.Sulfur dioxide emissions from coal combustion in Mainland China and Taiwan as well as nitrogen oxide emissions from urbanized central-west Taiwan and the greater Taipei region were the main precursors of fog acidity. Ammonia, originating from agriculture emissions, was the main neutralizer. The Kinmen site (48 m asl), situated on an island close to Mainland China, exhibited the lowest pH and the highest sulfate concentrations. At the Xitou site on the western slopes of the Taiwan Central Mountain Range (1150 m asl), ammonium from agriculture dominated and lead to relatively high pH. At the same time, the nitrate/sulfate ratio was highest at this site (> 1 in equivalent units), resulting from relatively large contributions from street traffic. The ion concentrations at the Chilan site (1650 m asl) and the Lulin high mountain site (2862 m asl) were much lower than those at Xitou and Kinmen. While the ion concentrations at Chilan were considerably lower than at Lulin, the ion loadings, which is the amount of dissolved ions per volume of air, were similar at Chilan and Lulin.

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Section: Ion and Metal Concentrations In Fog Watermentioning

confidence: 57%

Section: Comparison Of Chemical Characteristics Between the Sitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Site Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Site Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Chemical Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Chemical Composition of Fog Water at Four Sites in Taiwan

Šimon

Klemm

El-Madany

et al. 2016

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Ammonium deficiency caused by heterogeneous reactions during a super Asian dust episode

et al. 2014

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Mineral dust particles exert profound impacts on air quality, visibility, and ocean biogeochemistry. Interactions between dust particles and other anthropogenic pollutants modify not only the size spectrum and morphology but also physicochemical properties of dust particles, thereby affecting their radiative properties and ability to act as cloud condensation nuclei and in turn their impact on climate.Here we report field observations on the surface chemical transformations in a super Asian dust plume captured in coastal areas of China and the adjacent marginal seas. The dust plume showed enhanced concentrations of sulfate, nitrate, and calcium along with a decrease in ammonium. The percentages of total Ca in water-soluble form increased from an intrinsic value of~5% to 25-40% at four stations along the path of the dust plume. From these increases, we estimated the extent to which carbonate was modified by heterogeneous reactions and calculated that the enhanced sulfate and nitrate could account for 40-60% of the observed concentrations. Our observation suggests that the formation of ammonium sulfate via the H 2 SO 4 -NH 3 -H 2 O ternary system was impeded by heterogeneous reactions in the marine boundary layer when dust loads exceeded a certain threshold. A conceptual model is proposed to elucidate the heterogeneous reactions during the super Asian dust event and their impacts on atmospheric chemistry.

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A super Asian dust storm over the East and South China Seas: Disproportionate dust deposition

et al. 2013

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[1] A super Asian dust (SAD) storm that originated from North China has affected East Asia since 20 March 2010. The tempo-spatial and size distributions of aerosol Al, a tracer of wind-blown dust, were measured on a regional aerosol network in March 2010. Two dust events were recorded: the SAD and a relatively moderate AD event. The SAD clouds raised Al concentrations to~50 mg/m 3 on 21 and 22 March over the East China Sea (ECS) and occupied there for~5 days. The SAD plume also stretched toward the South China Sea (SCS) on 21 March however, it caused a maximum Al concentration of~8.5 mg/m 3 only, much lower than that observed in the ECS. In comparison, a weaker dust plume on 16 March caused Al maximum of~4 mg/m 3 over the ECS, and comparably,~3 mg/m 3 in the SCS. Dry dust deposition was measured during the peak phase of the SAD at 178 mg/m 2 /d, which corresponded to dry deposition velocities of 0.2-0.6 cm/s only, much lower than the commonly adopted one (1-2 cm/s). The corresponding increase in dust deposition by the SAD was up to a factor of~12, which was, however, considerably disproportionate to the increase in dust concentration (i.e., the factor of over 100). In certain cases, synoptic atmospheric conditions appear to be more important in regulating dust contribution to the SCS than the strength of AD storms.

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High wintertime particulate matter pollution over an offshore island (Kinmen) off southeastern China: An overview

Cited by 69 publications

References 87 publications

Chemical Composition of Fog Water at Four Sites in Taiwan

Chemical Composition of Fog Water at Four Sites in Taiwan

Ammonium deficiency caused by heterogeneous reactions during a super Asian dust episode

A super Asian dust storm over the East and South China Seas: Disproportionate dust deposition

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