Highly Efficient Microwave-Assisted CO Aminocarbonylation with a Recyclable Pd(II)/TPP-β-Cyclodextrin Cross-Linked Catalyst

Abstract

The incorporation of the carbonyl moiety into organic molecules using a three-component matrix, including carbon monoxide, an organic halide and a nucleophilic component offers a simple and versatile approach to the formation of carboxylic acids, anhydrides, esters, amides and ketones. The design of a sustainable synthetic protocol for aminocarbonylation can be efficiently accomplished using a multi-faceted strategy that combines solid green catalysts and suitable enabling techniques. The safe and synergistic use of carbon monoxide in a microwave reactor under pressure may be able to create a technological breakthrough in aminocarbonylation reactions. Moreover, a new recyclable catalytic system "CβCAT" based on Pd(II)-triphenylphosphine embedded in cross linked β-cyclodextrin (hexamethylene diisocyanate) has been found to be very efficient in aryl iodide aminocarbonylation reactions.

Microwave-Assisted Dehydrogenative Cross Coupling Reactions in γ-valerolactone with a Reusable Pd/β-cyclodextrin Crosslinked Catalyst

“…Intermolecular cavities and cross-linking degree strongly affect the catalytic process and metal leaching, minimizing the role of cyclodextrins’ inner cavities size. This Pd/CβCAT catalyst has proven to be particularly efficient in the absorption of MW irradiation, making it an ideal candidate for the synergic combination of the non-conventional enabling technology and heterogeneous catalysis [45,47].…”

Heterogeneous Phase Microwave-Assisted Reactions under CO2 or CO Pressure

“…To the best of our knowledge, very few reports have dealt with the use of CO gas as an aminocarbonylation reagent inside a MW oven. In this regard, Calcio Gaudino et al [77] have described a fast MW-assisted Pd(II)-catalysed protocol for the synthesis of amides using CO gas (Scheme 6).…”

Microwave-Assisted, One-Pot Synthesis of Doxycycline under Heterogeneous Catalysis in Water

“…MW was used to reduce both the reaction time and the amount of catalyst needed, exploiting their fast and intense activation of metallic nanoparticles [ 20 , 21 ]. MW is known for its fast-heating rate and the creation of hotspots and inverse thermal gradients [ 22 , 23 , 24 ]. The use of a heterogeneous catalyst creates synergistic effects with MW and allows the solid to be easily recovered and reused [ 25 ].…”