Highly Integrated Switched Beamformer Module for 2.4-GHz Wireless Transceiver Application

Design and implementation of an adaptive beamformer for phased array antenna applications

“…Measured SLLs reported by other researchers are below −12 dB. [5][6][7]9,10 4 | CONCLUSION A simple and inexpensive 1 × 8 adaptive beamformer, scalable in amplitude and phase, for phased array antenna applications, has been implemented herein. The structure operates in the range 1.74 to 2.06 GHz, where the average amplitude imbalance is AE0.8 dB and the average phase deviation does not exceed AE6 .…”

“…It has been found less than −13 dB in the entire useful bandwidth, that is, 1.74 to 2.06 GHz, whereas the best value was −35 dB at 1.89 GHz. The corresponding value for beamformers operating at 2.4 GHz has been found −17 dB and −21 dB …”

“…The relatively small amplitude deviations may be attributed to fabrication tolerances. Results reported by other researchers refer to insertion loss deviations that approximate ±1.13 dB and ± 1.6 dB for beamformers operating at 2.4 GHz.…”

“…According to the complete set of measurements (not presented herein), the average phase difference deviation does not exceed ±6°. Phase errors reported in the literature vary between ±4° and ±10° for beamformers operating at 2.4 GHz and 8 to 11 GHz …”

“…The microwave beamforming technique has been presented by for the design of a beamformer that comprises a switch structure and it incorporates a microstrip patch antenna array used for reception. Moreover, the glass‐ and silicon‐ based integrated passive device technologies have been reported for implementing beamformers operating at 2.4 GHz. Their key components are a 4 × 4 Butler matrix and a single‐pole four‐throw beam‐selection switch, whereas an additional T/R switch is used in Reference .…”