Highly Ionic Conductive, Stretchable, and Tough Ionogel for Flexible Solid‐State Supercapacitor

Abstract

The increasing demand for wearable electronics calls for advanced energy storage solutions that integrate high electrochemical performances and mechanical robustness. Ionogel is a promising candidate due to its stretchability combined with high ionic conductivity. However, simultaneously optimizing both the electrochemical and mechanical performance of ionogels remains a challenge. This paper reports a tough and highly ion‐conductive ionogel through ion impregnation and solvent exchange. The fabricated ionogel consists of double interpenetrating networks of long polymer chains that provide high stretchability. The polymer chains are crosslinked by hydrogen bonds that induce large energy dissipation for enhanced toughness. The resultant ionogel possesses mechanical stretchability of 26, tensile strength of 1.34 MPa, and fracture toughness of 4175 J m−2. Meanwhile, due to the high ion concentrations and ion mobility in the gel, a high ionic conductivity of 3.18 S m−1 at room temperature is achieved. A supercapacitor of this ionogel sandwiched with porous fiber electrodes provides remarkable areal capacitance (615 mF cm−2 at 1 mA cm−2), energy density (341.7 µWh cm−2 at 1 mA cm−2), and power density (20 mW cm−2 at 10 mA cm−2), offering significant advantages in applications where high efficiency, compact size, and rapid energy delivery are crucial, such as flexible and wearable electronics.

Stoichiometrically Optimized Electrochromic Complex [V2O2+ξ(OH)3‐ξ] Based Electrode: Prototype Supercapacitor with Multicolor Indicator

“…Developing strategies for designing clean energy storage and conversion devices has posed a significant challenge till now. [1][2][3][4][5] DOI: 10.1002/smll. 202312215 The current status of world energy demands has been fulfilled by various energy storage and conversion devices, such as solar cells, [6] batteries, [7][8][9] supercapacitors, [10,11] and also electrochromic devices, [12][13][14] to overcome the possible energy crisis.…”

Enhanced Energy Storage Performance through Controlled Composition and Synthesis of 3D Mixed Metal-Oxide Microspheres

“…Among the various kinds of energy storage devices, supercapacitors (SCs) have particular benefits due to their rapid charge and discharge rates [12]. Moreover, in comparison to secondary batteries, it may provide extremely high power densities; at the same time, the longer cycle stability and higher energy density are additional appealing advantages [1,2].…”

Fluorine-Containing Ionogels with Stretchable, Solvent-Resistant, Wide Temperature Tolerance, and Transparent Properties for Ionic Conductors

“…Ideas for the preparation of ionogels are often borrowed from the preparation of hydrogels. For network construction, design ideas usually include dual network structures [18][19][20], interpenetrating networks [21][22][23], copolymer single-layer network structures [24][25][26], etc. The materials that make up the ionogel network are largely based on polyelectrolytes and hydrophilic polymers, such as polyvinyl alcohol [17,27,28], polyacrylic acid [29,30], and polyacrylamide [31,32].…”