hiPSC-Based Tissue Organoid Regeneration

Abstract

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are generated from terminally differentiated cells and have the potential to differentiate to any organs originated from the embryonic germ layers. Extensive effort has been made to establish protocols for direct in vitro conversion of human iPSCs (hiPSCs) to different cell types/organs. Importantly, hiPSCs can be generated from patients with known genetic mutations that predispose to high-risks of specific disease development. Thus, the hiPSCs technology provides unlimited resources for creating patient-specific disease models. hiPSC-derived three-dimensional "organoid" models have recently emerged as a powerful tool to recapitulate the physiologically-relevant process of disease progression in vitro. In this chapter, we will discuss the current advancement of organoid regeneration from hiPSCs and the applications of hiPSCs-derived organoids. The limitations and challenges of this approach will also be discussed here.

Organoid Technology: Current Standing and Future Perspectives

“…The foregut forms the esophagus, stomach, trachea, thyroid, lungs, liver, biliary system, and pancreas; the midgut and hindgut give rise to small intestine and large intestine (colon), respectively 101 . All these processes are organized by many growth factors signaling, including Nodal, FGF, BMP, Wnt, RA, hedgehog, Sox, Notch, and downstream transcription, which play specific roles in the endoderm organogenesis 98,102 . 3D‐organoid systems have been successfully established for most of the endoderm organs including lung, intestine, liver, and pancreas 103‐106 .…”