Histological Studies on the Localisation of Cerebral Function

Campbell, Alfred W.

doi:10.1192/bjp.50.211.651

Cited by 153 publications

(164 citation statements)

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“…Betz 1874; Lewis & Clarke 1878;Lewis 1881). In 1905, Campbell's classic treatise on Histological Studies on the Localisation of Cerebral Function presented the first complete cytoarchitectonic map of the human cerebral cortex based on the investigation of eight cerebral hemispheres (Campbell 1905). Interestingly, in the same year, Brodmann (1905) published his architectonic map of the monkey (cercopithecus) cerebral cortex (figure 1a), followed in 1908 by his architectonic map of the human cerebral cortex (figure 2a).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Lateral prefrontal cortex: architectonic and functional organization

Petrides

2005

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

1,062

875

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A comparison of the architecture of the human prefrontal cortex with that of the macaque monkey showed a very similar architectonic organization in these two primate species. There is no doubt that the prefrontal cortical areas of the human brain have undergone considerable development, but it is equally clear that the basic architectonic organization is the same in the two species. Thus, a comparative approach to the study of the functional organization of the primate prefrontal cortex is more likely to reveal the essential aspects of the various complex control processes that are the domain of frontal function. The lateral frontal cortex appears to be functionally organized along both a rostral–caudal axis and a dorsal–ventral axis. The most caudal frontal region, the motor region on the precentral gyrus, is involved in fine motor control and direct sensorimotor mappings, whereas the caudal lateral prefrontal region is involved in higher order control processes that regulate the selection among multiple competing responses and stimuli based on conditional operations. Further rostrally, the mid-lateral prefrontal region plays an even more abstract role in cognitive control. The mid-lateral prefrontal region is itself organized along a dorsal–ventral axis of organization, with the mid-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex being involved in the monitoring of information in working memory and the mid-ventrolateral prefrontal region being involved in active judgments on information held in posterior cortical association regions that are necessary for active retrieval and encoding of information.

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confidence: 99%

Lateral prefrontal cortex: architectonic and functional organization

Petrides

2005

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

1,062

875

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“…The cerebral cortex can be parcellated into many distinct architectonic areas based on laminar differences in neuron and myelin density (Bolton, 1900;Smith, 1904;Campbell, 1905;Brodmann, 1909;Vogt, 1911;Flechsig, 1920;von Economo and Koskinas, 1925). These architectonic areas are thought to serve distinct functional roles, and thus a substantial amount of work has concentrated on locating areas and characterizing their features.…”

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confidence: 99%

Accurate prediction of V1 location from cortical folds in a surface coordinate system

et al. 2008

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Previous studies demonstrated substantial variability of the location of primary visual cortex (V1) in stereotaxic coordinates when linear volume-based registration is used to match volumetric image intensities (Amunts et al., 2000). However, other qualitative reports of V1 location (Smith, 1904;Stensaas et al., 1974;Rademacher et al., 1993) suggested a consistent relationship between V1 and the surrounding cortical folds. Here, the relationship between folds and the location of V1 is quantified using surface-based analysis to generate a probabilistic atlas of human V1. High-resolution (about 200 μm) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 7 T of ex vivo human cerebral hemispheres allowed identification of the full area via the stria of Gennari: a myeloarchitectonic feature specific to V1. Separate, whole-brain scans were acquired using MRI at 1.5 T to allow segmentation and mesh reconstruction of the cortical gray matter. For each individual, V1 was manually identified in the high-resolution volume and projected onto the cortical surface. Surface-based intersubject registration (Fischl et al., 1999b) was performed to align the primary cortical folds of individual hemispheres to those of a reference template representing the average folding pattern. An atlas of V1 location was constructed by computing the probability of V1 inclusion for each cortical location in the template space. This probabilistic atlas of V1 exhibits low prediction error compared to previous V1 probabilistic atlases built in volumetric coordinates. The increased predictability observed under surface-based registration suggests that the location of V1 is more accurately predicted by the cortical folds than by the shape of the brain embedded in the volume of the skull. In addition, the high quality of this atlas provides direct evidence that surface-based intersubject registration methods are superior to volume-based methods at superimposing functional areas of cortex, and therefore are better suited to support multi-subject averaging for functional imaging experiments targeting the cerebral cortex.

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“…S ince early attempts to parcellate human and nonhuman cortex into structurally distinct subdivisions, the hypothesis that structural borders correspond to functional borders has been widely held (1)(2)(3). However, this hypothesis has been tested only rarely.…”

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confidence: 99%

Changes in connectivity profiles define functionally distinct regions in human medial frontal cortex

Johansen‐Berg

Behrens

Robson

et al. 2004

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

648

615

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A fundamental issue in neuroscience is the relation between structure and function. However, gross landmarks do not correspond well to microstructural borders and cytoarchitecture cannot be visualized in a living brain used for functional studies. Here, we used diffusion-weighted and functional MRI to test structurefunction relations directly. Distinct neocortical regions were defined as volumes having similar connectivity profiles and borders identified where connectivity changed. Without using prior information, we found an abrupt profile change where the border between supplementary motor area (SMA) and pre-SMA is expected. Consistent with this anatomical assignment, putative SMA and pre-SMA connected to motor and prefrontal regions, respectively. Excellent spatial correlations were found between volumes defined by using connectivity alone and volumes activated during tasks designed to involve SMA or pre-SMA selectively. This finding demonstrates a strong relationship between structure and function in medial frontal cortex and offers a strategy for testing such correspondences elsewhere in the brain.S ince early attempts to parcellate human and nonhuman cortex into structurally distinct subdivisions, the hypothesis that structural borders correspond to functional borders has been widely held (1-3). However, this hypothesis has been tested only rarely. Structural features such as sulci and gyri are commonly used to define anatomical regions in functional imaging, neurophysiology, and lesion studies, yet they have only a limited correspondence to more fine-grained structural organization such as cytoarchitecture (4-6). Microstructural borders based, for example, on measurements of cyto-, myelo-, or receptor architecture (7-9), can only be defined post mortem, and the methodological demands of such studies preclude investigation of the regional functional specializations in the same animals. Detailed testing of the relationship between these anatomicallybased measures and function based on comparisons between subjects is limited by the apparently substantial interindividual variations in microstructural anatomical boundaries (4-6).A structural feature that has not previously been used to define areal boundaries in the human neocortex is connectivity to other brain regions. Whereas features such as cytoarchitecture, myeloarchitecture, and receptor distributions distinguish the processing capabilities of a region, connectional anatomy constrains the nature of the information available to a region and the influence that it can exert over other regions in a distributed network. Therefore, not only does structural variation reflect functional organization, but local structural organization also determines local functional specialization. Data on brain connectivity in macaque monkeys show that cytoarchitectonically and functionally distinct regions of prefrontal cortex have distinct connectivity ''fingerprints'' (10). Differences in connectivity that parallel differences in cytoarchitecture have been used to define su...

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Histological Studies on the Localisation of Cerebral Function

Cited by 153 publications

References 0 publications

Lateral prefrontal cortex: architectonic and functional organization

Lateral prefrontal cortex: architectonic and functional organization

Accurate prediction of V1 location from cortical folds in a surface coordinate system

Changes in connectivity profiles define functionally distinct regions in human medial frontal cortex

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