Histology‐Based Average Template of the Marmoset Cortex With Probabilistic Localization of Cytoarchitectural Areas

Anatomical variability, multi-modal coordinate systems, and precision targeting in the marmoset brain

“…The marmoset is an increasingly important NHP laboratory model in neuroscience and biomedical research due to its evolutionary proximity to humans relative to intensively studied rodents ( Okano et al, 2016 ), and complex social behaviours ( Miller et al, 2016 ). Recent developments in gene manipulation ( Sasaki et al, 2009 ), functional imaging ( Hori et al, 2020 ; Liu et al, 2019 , 2021 ; Sadakane et al, 2015 ), white matter pathways and neural tracing ( Liu et al, 2020 , Majka et al, 2020 , 2021 ), and cellular mapping ( Murakami et al, 2018 ) are also expected to provide evidence how variability of the behaviours are associated with brain and functional segregation and diversity in this species. In this study, we found that common marmosets have substantial intersubject variability in cranial contours and landmarks, size of brain and brain regions, and cortical surface landmarks so that it significantly impacts the choice of coordinate system when experimenters perform brain localization and targeting.…”

“…We found the close similarity between the myelin contrast (a ratio of T1w divided by T2w) and the the cortical parcellations of some cortical areas (e.g., visual, somatosensory, auditory, MT, and FEF), as well as T1w and T2w contrasts of many subcortical volume structures (e.g., basal ganglia, thalamus, periaqueductal grey, habenular nucleus, lateral and medial geniculate nucleus). However, further validation of brain parcellations are needed in future studies by combining histology data (e.g., Majka et al, 2021 ), as well as functional connectivity data as has been done in humans (Glasser et al, 2016). This may require refinement of technologies in terms of spatial mapping of 2D-histology data into 3D neuroimaging data ( Wang et al, 2020 ; Majka et al, 2021 ; Hayashi et al, 2021 ) and intersubject registration based on multi-modal data for cortical surfaces ( Robinson et al, 2018 ) and brain volume ( Lange et al, 2020 ).…”

Afferent connections of cytoarchitectural area 6M and surrounding cortex in the marmoset: putative homologues of the supplementary and pre-supplementary motor areas

“…Abbreviations represent areas or groupings of areas according to Table 2: GFC -granular frontal cortex (areas 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 45, 46, 47 and their subdivisions); ACC+MFC -anterior cingulate cortex and medial frontal cortex (areas 14, 24a, 24b, 25, 32 and 32V Majka et al (2021). Each panel illustrates a low power view of the section (left) and a magnified view of the boxed region, containing labeled neurons (right).…”

“…A scale bar (1 mm) is provided on the bottom right of each section drawing. Majka et al (2021). Each panel illustrates a low power view the section (left) and a magnified view of the boxed region, containing labeled neurons (right).…”

Mesoscale microscopy and image analysis tools for understanding the brain

“…Another group of model species that are being used with whole-brain microscopy are monkeys, such as marmosets ( Skibbe et al., 2019 ; Susaki et al., 2014 , 2020 ). There are efforts to create high-resolution marmoset atlases by combining data from MRI and traditional microscopy techniques ( Majka et al., 2021 ; Woodward et al., 2018 ), but as yet these atlases have not yet been used with LSFM or STPT data.…”